Gilani · Journal of AOAC International 2005 · narrative review · n=?

Effects of antinutritional factors on protein digestibility and amino acid availability in foods.

Cited 470 times in the scientific literature.

Level 5 - mechanism / opinion, no new human data

Narrative review of animal feeding studies and food chemistry without direct human trial data.

PubMed 16001874 · record verified 2026-08-31

What was done

This narrative review examined the impact of naturally occurring antinutritional factors (trypsin inhibitors, tannins, phytates, glucosinolates, hemagglutinins, gossypol) and processing-induced factors (Maillard compounds, oxidized sulfur amino acids, D-amino acids, lysinoalanine) on protein digestibility and amino acid availability across food and animal feed products, drawing on data from animal feeding models (rats, pigs, poultry).

What was found

Protein digestibility in traditional diets from developing countries (India, Guatemala, Brazil) is lower than in typical North American diets (54–78% vs. 88–94%). In animal studies: - Dietary trypsin inhibitors reduced protein and amino acid digestibilities by up to 50% in rats and pigs. - Tannins reduced digestibilities by up to 23% in rats, poultry, and pigs. - Phytates reduced protein and amino acid digestibilities by up to 10% in swine and poultry. - Processing-derived D-amino acids and lysinoalanine had digestibility under 40% and reduced overall protein digestibility by up to 28% in rats and pigs. - Old (20-month) rats showed greater susceptibility to the adverse effects of antinutritional factors than young (5-week) rats.

Why it matters

Antinutrients and food processing significantly impair protein bioavailability. Because standard Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) assays use young rats, they may systematically overestimate protein quality and digestibility of antinutrient-containing foods for elderly populations.

Limits

This is a narrative review with no systematic search methodology reported, and the total number of reviewed studies is not specified in the abstract. Nearly all quantitative digestibility estimates are derived from animal models (rats, pigs, poultry) rather than direct human clinical trials.

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