Deveney · Emotion (Washington, D.C.) 2006 · case-control study · n=?

A preliminary investigation of cognitive flexibility for emotional information in major depressive disorder and non-psychiatric controls.

Cited 135 times in the scientific literature.

Level 4 - case-series / case-control

Case-control comparison of cognitive performance between MDD patients and non-psychiatric controls

PubMed 16938084 · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.429 · record verified 2026-08-26

What was done

The study examined cognitive flexibility for emotional stimuli in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) compared to non-psychiatric controls. Participants completed a novel emotional modification of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. The abstract does not report participant counts or specific task parameters.

What was found

No numerical results, p-values, or effect sizes are provided in the abstract. Directionally, healthy controls were less flexible when processing positive stimuli, while individuals with MDD demonstrated reduced flexibility when processing negative stimuli relative to controls.

Why it matters

This suggests that cognitive inflexibility in depression is valence-specific rather than a global executive deficit, driven by difficulty shifting mental sets away from negative emotional information.

Limits

Sample size, diagnostic criteria, medication status, and exact performance metrics are absent from the abstract. The cross-sectional case-control design cannot establish whether this valence-specific inflexibility is a causal risk factor or a consequence of depressive episodes.

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