Morris · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2011 · literature review · n=23 papers

The answer is 17 years, what is the question: understanding time lags in translational research.

Cited 3437 times in the scientific literature.

Level 5 - mechanism / opinion, no new human data

Literature review of heterogeneous descriptive and bibliometric studies without standardized quantitative synthesis (graded by design analogy for non-clinical research).

PubMed 22179294 · doi:10.1258/jrsm.2011.110180 · record verified 2026-08-27

What was done

The authors conducted a literature review of published papers that described and quantified time lags occurring during the health research translation process, specifically examining studies evaluating timeline metrics in the development of health interventions.

What was found

The review identified 23 papers. The abstract reports no pooled quantitative time estimates, noting that few studies were directly comparable because they utilized disparate measures, assessed different milestones and interventions, and evaluated different start and end time points.

Why it matters

Commonly cited figures for research translation lag (such as 17 years) rely on highly heterogeneous methodologies, meaning current time-lag literature provides limited actionable guidance for R&D prioritization or knowledge transfer policy.

Limits

The abstract does not report search parameters, inclusion criteria details, or formal risk-of-bias assessment. High methodological variation across the 23 included studies precluded direct comparison or pooled meta-analysis.

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