Kozhevnikov · PloS one 2013 · non-randomized controlled physiological study · n=?

Neurocognitive and somatic components of temperature increases during g-tummo meditation: legend and reality.

Level 3 - non-randomized controlled study

Non-randomized controlled physiological study comparing expert meditators with non-meditator controls

PubMed 23555572 · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058244 · record verified 2026-08-26

What was done

Study 1 measured axillary temperature and electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in expert Tibetan meditators performing g-tummo practices in eastern Tibet. Study 2 examined a Western non-meditator control group performing the somatic component (vase breathing) without meditative visualization.

What was found

Meditators practicing the Forceful Breath type of g-tummo showed increases in axillary temperature reaching up to 38.3°C, accompanied by increases in EEG alpha, beta, and gamma power. Temperature rise significantly correlated with alpha power increases. Without meditative visualization, both meditators and non-meditators maintained vase breathing for only limited periods, yielding smaller temperature increases within normal body temperature limits. Numerical participant counts and exact statistical values were not reported in the abstract.

Why it matters

The findings demonstrate that voluntary thermogenesis involves both a somatic breathing mechanism that produces heat and a neurocognitive visualization component that sustains the elevation.

Limits

The abstract does not state the sample sizes, baseline temperatures, or exact statistical metrics. Settings differed between the expert cohort in Tibet and the Western control group, introducing potential confounding from environmental conditions and population differences.

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