Nummenmaa · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2014 · Cross-sectional experimental self-report study · n=701

Bodily maps of emotions.

Cited 852 times in the scientific literature.

Level 4 - case-series / case-control

Level by design analogy (cross-sectional laboratory experiments using subjective self-report).

PubMed 24379370 · doi:10.1073/pnas.1321664111 · record verified 2026-08-26

What was done

Across five experiments involving 701 West European and East Asian participants, researchers mapped bodily sensations associated with distinct emotions using a computerized topographical self-report tool. Participants viewed emotional stimuli (words, stories, movies, or facial expressions) alongside two body silhouettes and colored regions where they felt bodily activity increasing or decreasing. Statistical classifiers were used to determine whether the resulting bodily sensation patterns were distinct across emotions.

What was found

Statistically separable bodily sensation maps were consistently associated with different emotions across all five experiments. The resulting maps were concordant across West European and East Asian samples. Statistical classifiers accurately distinguished emotion-specific activation maps. No numerical values (such as classification accuracy rates, effect sizes, or p-values) were reported in the abstract.

Why it matters

The findings demonstrate that distinct emotions correlate with consistent, culturally universal somatotopic sensation maps, supporting theories that somatosensory feedback contributes to conscious emotional experience.

Limits

The study relied exclusively on subjective self-reports of felt bodily sensations rather than direct physiological or autonomic recordings (e.g., heart rate, skin conductance, or neuroimaging). The abstract does not provide exact numerical classifier accuracy rates or effect sizes.

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