Lak · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2014 · Non-human primate behavioral and electrophysiological experiment · n=?

Dopamine prediction error responses integrate subjective value from different reward dimensions.

Cited 270 times in the scientific literature.

Level 5 - mechanism / opinion, no new human data

Animal neurophysiology study (Level 5 by CEBM criteria)

PubMed 24453218 · doi:10.1073/pnas.1321596111 · record verified 2026-08-26

What was done

Electrophysiological recordings of single dopamine neurons were conducted in monkeys engaged in an economic decision-making task. Monkeys made choices between alternative rewards that varied simultaneously across multiple dimensions, including amount, risk, and reward type (liquid vs. food), to test whether prediction error responses encode singular physical attributes or integrated subjective value.

What was found

The abstract reports no numerical values, sample sizes, or exact statistical metrics. Behaviorally, monkeys exhibited complete and transitive choices across multi-attribute rewards. Electrophysiologically, prediction error responses of single dopamine neurons tracked the integrated subjective value inferred from choice behavior rather than isolated reward dimensions, with firing modulated by amount, risk, and reward type in direct accordance with choice preferences.

Why it matters

This study provides mechanistic evidence that dopamine prediction error signals integrate distinct reward attributes into a common currency of subjective value, supporting theoretical models of economic value updating.

Limits

The study was conducted in non-human primates, limiting direct extrapolation to humans. The abstract does not disclose the sample size (number of monkeys or recorded neurons) or quantitative effect sizes and confidence intervals.

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