Figueiro · Sleep medicine 2014 · Mixed-design crossover interventional study · n=23

The effects of chronotype, sleep schedule and light/dark pattern exposures on circadian phase.

Cited 51 times in the scientific literature.

Level 3 - non-randomized controlled study

Controlled interventional crossover study with no mention of randomization in the abstract

PubMed 25441745 · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.07.009 · record verified 2026-08-26

What was done

In a mixed-design study, 23 participants (11 late chronotypes and 12 early chronotypes) completed a fixed, 2-week advanced sleep/wake schedule under two conditions: an advancing light pattern (morning short-wavelength light and evening short-wavelength-restricting orange-tinted glasses) and a delaying light pattern (morning orange-tinted glasses and evening short-wavelength light). Light/dark exposures were recorded using a Daysimeter, and circadian phase was assessed using salivary dim light melatonin onset (DLMO).

What was found

No quantitative values, effect sizes, or confidence intervals were provided in the abstract. Compared with baseline, DLMO was significantly advanced after the advancing light protocol and significantly delayed after the delaying light protocol in both groups. No significant difference was found in phase-shift response between early and late chronotypes.

Why it matters

These findings suggest that standard circadian phase response curves apply similarly to both early and late chronotypes when light timing and sleep schedules are controlled.

Limits

The sample size is small (23 participants total). The abstract does not provide exact numerical shifts or variability metrics, nor does it specify whether intervention order was randomized or how potential carryover effects between the 2-week arms were handled.

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