[Skin ageing-General features of facial ageing and therapeutic choices].
Level 5 - mechanism / opinion, no new human data
Narrative review and expert overview without systematic methodology or primary human data.
PubMed 30581032 · doi:10.1016/j.annder.2018.10.015
What was done
This narrative review describes the clinical and pathophysiological mechanisms of cutaneous and facial ageing, examining chronological, hormonal, and environmental factors such as UV radiation, tobacco smoke, and pollution. It analyzes anatomical changes across cutaneous, muscular, adipose, and osseous structures in the upper, middle, and lower thirds of the face, and outlines non-surgical aesthetic therapies including lasers, botulinum toxin, and dermal fillers.
What was found
The abstract reports no numerical data or quantitative outcomes. It describes facial ageing as a multi-tissue process involving skin photoaging, compensatory muscular hypercontraction causing dynamic wrinkles, adipose ptosis and atrophy, and preferential bone resorption that corresponds to areas of soft-tissue descent.
Why it matters
It provides a structural framework showing that effective aesthetic rejuvenation requires addressing multilayered tissue changes—from skin to bone—rather than treating cutaneous wrinkles in isolation.
Limits
As a narrative review, it presents expert opinion without systematic review methods, primary data, statistical comparisons, or reported sample sizes.
Cited by
- supports Aging naturally leads to facial volume loss through fat loss, muscle atrophy, and bony atrophy and shrinkage of the skull and facial bones.