Petrowski · Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019 · counterbalanced within-subject experiment · n=?

The effects of post-awakening light exposure on the cortisol awakening response in healthy male individuals.

Cited 38 times in the scientific literature.

Level 2 - randomized trial

Counterbalanced within-subject experimental laboratory trials in humans.

PubMed 31220690 · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.05.016 · record verified 2026-08-26

What was done

Two counterbalanced within-subject experiments were performed in a standardized sleep laboratory to examine how post-awakening light affects the cortisol awakening response (CAR) in healthy males. Study I compared light intensity (dim vs. bright light over two days), while Study II compared spectral composition (red vs. blue vs. green light over three days). In both studies, light exposure lasted for one hour post-awakening, and CAR was measured using eight saliva samples.

What was found

Bright light exposure significantly increased the CAR compared to dim light in Study I (F(3.7, 106.4) = 11.93, p < .001, partial η² = .29). In Study II, exposure to blue and green light significantly increased CAR compared to red light (F(4.9, 194.6) = 2.49, p = .037, partial η² = .10).

Why it matters

This study provides experimental evidence that the magnitude of the human cortisol awakening response is directly modulated by both light intensity and specific wavelengths (blue and green versus red).

Limits

The total sample size is not stated in the abstract. The population was restricted to healthy males, limiting generalizability to females or clinical populations. Tightly controlled laboratory conditions may not fully reflect naturalistic morning light exposure.

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