Candow · Nutrition and health 2021 · randomized controlled trial · n=38

Effect of 12 months of creatine supplementation and whole-body resistance training on measures of bone, muscle and strength in older males.

Cited 46 times in the scientific literature.

Level 2 - randomized trial

Individual randomized controlled trial

PubMed 33234019 · doi:10.1177/0260106020975247 · record verified 2026-08-29

What was done

Older men aged 49–69 years were randomized to receive either creatine (0.1 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹, n = 18) or placebo (0.1 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹, n = 20) for 12 months alongside supervised, whole-body resistance training. The study evaluated bone mineral density, bone geometric properties, bone speed of sound, lean tissue mass, fat mass, muscle thickness, muscle strength, and adverse events.

What was found

Both groups experienced similar changes over 12 months in bone mineral density and geometry, bone speed of sound, lean tissue and fat mass, muscle thickness, and muscle strength. The only between-group difference noted was a statistical trend for increased section modulus of the femoral neck narrow part in the creatine group compared to placebo (p = 0.061). Adverse event rates did not differ between groups. Absolute outcome values and effect sizes were not reported in the abstract.

Why it matters

These findings suggest that long-term creatine supplementation does not enhance the skeletal or muscular adaptations achieved through supervised resistance training alone in older males.

Limits

The sample size was small (n = 38 total), limiting statistical power to detect modest group differences. The study included only older males, precluding generalization to females or populations with overt osteopenia or sarcopenia. Precise numerical data and effect estimates were omitted from the abstract.

Cited by