Eddy · Cytokine & growth factor reviews 2021 · narrative review · n=?

Growth differentiation factor-15 and its role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Cited 92 times in the scientific literature.

Level 5 - mechanism / opinion, no new human data

Narrative review of mechanisms and clinical biomarker potential without systematic review methodology

PubMed 33317942 · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.11.002 · record verified 2026-08-26

What was done

This narrative review synthesized existing literature on growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), focusing on its signaling pathways and physiological roles in regulating metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and the cardiovascular system.

What was found

The abstract reports no quantitative metrics or effect sizes. It notes that GDF-15 levels are consistently elevated in diabetes and cardiovascular disease, supporting its potential utility as a biomarker. Concurrently, cited literature indicates protective functions of GDF-15 in mitigating inflammation, improving endothelial cell function, enhancing insulin sensitivity, limiting weight gain, and conferring cardioprotection during myocardial infarction.

Why it matters

It highlights GDF-15 as both an indicator of cardiometabolic disease burden and an active cytokine with potential protective and therapeutic roles across metabolic and vascular pathways.

Limits

The abstract describes a non-systematic narrative review with no defined search protocol, study inclusion criteria, or risk-of-bias appraisal. No primary quantitative data, sample sizes, or patient cohort details are provided.

Cited by