Konkoly · Current biology : CB 2021 · Multicenter experimental case series · n=36

Real-time dialogue between experimenters and dreamers during REM sleep.

Cited 131 times in the scientific literature.

Level 4 - case-series / case-control

Laboratory proof-of-concept experimental series (graded by design analogy, not clinical CEBM).

PubMed 33607035 · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.026 · record verified 2026-08-26

What was done

Researchers tested two-way communication during polysomnographically confirmed rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep across four independent laboratory groups. The sample included 36 individuals with varying lucid dreaming experience, ranging from minimal experience to frequent lucid dreamers, including one patient with narcolepsy. Experimenters presented novel sensory questions during REM sleep, and participants attempted to answer in real time using electrophysiological signals consisting of distinctive eye movements and selective facial muscle contractions.

What was found

Participants demonstrated perceptual analysis of novel information, working memory maintenance, simple computation, and volitional replies during REM sleep. Correctly answered questions were documented on 29 occasions across 6 of the 36 tested individuals.

Why it matters

This establishes proof-of-concept for real-time bidirectional communication during REM sleep. It enables researchers to interrogate dream phenomenology and neurobiology online, bypassing the memory distortion and forgetting associated with retrospective dream recall.

Limits

Successful communication occurred in only 6 of the 36 participants. The abstract does not report the total number of questions presented, the rate of incorrect or ambiguous responses, or the frequency of failed lucid dream inductions.

Cited by