The Effect of Mindfulness-based Programs on Cognitive Function in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Level 1 - systematic review of randomized trials
Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
PubMed 34350544 · doi:10.1007/s11065-021-09519-y
What was done
Authors conducted a systematic review and robust variance estimation meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of mindfulness-based programs (MBPs) on objective cognitive outcomes across multiple domains in adults. Seven databases were searched through January 2020. The review synthesized 45 of 56 eligible studies across various cognitive subdomains, participant populations (clinical vs. non-clinical, age groups), and comparator types (active vs. inactive).
What was found
Across all synthesized studies, MBPs showed a small overall cognitive benefit over comparators (Hedges' g = 0.15; 95% CI [0.05, 0.24]). Domain-specific subgroup analyses demonstrated significant effects only for executive function (g = 0.15; 95% CI [0.02, 0.27]) and working memory (g = 0.23; 95% CI [0.11, 0.36]). Statistically significant effects were present in non-clinical populations and in adults aged over 60. When broken down by comparator type, MBPs outperformed inactive control conditions but did not outperform active comparators.
Why it matters
This review clarifies that while mindfulness programs can yield modest cognitive enhancements in areas like working memory and executive control, the observed effects appear non-specific because they disappear when compared against active control interventions.
Limits
Only a minority of included trials had a low risk of bias, with most exhibiting unclear within-study risk of bias. Statistical constraints rendered certain p-values unreliable. Effects were not observed against active control groups, indicating potential non-specific or placebo effects rather than mindfulness-specific mechanisms.
Cited by
- supports Meditation and mindfulness have been shown to improve learning and memory.