The effect on sister-chromatid exchanges of drugs and dyes by intercalation and photoactivation.
Level 5 - mechanism / opinion, no new human data
In vitro bench study with no human or in vivo data
PubMed 35743 · doi:10.1016/0027-5107(79)90161-1
What was done
Intercalating dyes (acridine orange, proflavin, and methylene blue) and drugs (chlorpromazine, promazine, and chlorprothixene) were evaluated for their ability to induce sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) with and without photoactivation by visible light.
What was found
In the dark, all tested substances increased the frequency of SCEs. Visible light photoactivation produced a superimposed increase in SCE formation for the acridines proflavin and acridine orange, but not for the phenothiazine derivatives methylene blue and chlorpromazine. The abstract reports no numerical data, concentrations, or statistical values.
Why it matters
The study shows that chemical intercalation-induced sister-chromatid damage can be differentially enhanced by visible light exposure depending on specific molecular classes.
Limits
This is an in vitro bench study lacking in vivo or human data. The abstract provides no specific numbers, cell models, chemical concentrations, light exposure metrics, or statistical analyses.
Cited by
- supports Methylene blue can intercalate into DNA and possibly cause mutations.