Wurtman · Lancet (London, England) 1977 · Comparative pharmacokinetic study · n=?

Lecithin consumption raises serum-free-choline levels.

Cited 125 times in the scientific literature.

Level 3 - non-randomized controlled study

Non-randomized comparative pharmacokinetic study in humans

PubMed 69151 · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(77)90067-8 · record verified 2026-08-28

What was done

Investigators measured human serum-choline concentrations over time following oral ingestion of choline chloride (2–3 g free base equivalent) versus an equivalent quantity of oral lecithin.

What was found

Thirty minutes after ingesting choline chloride, serum-choline levels increased by 86% and returned to baseline within 4 hours. Following lecithin ingestion, serum-choline levels increased by 265% at 1 hour and remained significantly elevated for 12 hours.

Why it matters

Oral lecithin is substantially more effective at sustaining elevated circulating choline levels than choline chloride, making it a potentially superior vehicle for boosting acetylcholine precursor availability.

Limits

The abstract does not report the sample size, participant demographics, baseline health characteristics, or whether the study used a randomized crossover design. Brain acetylcholine concentrations and clinical outcomes were not directly measured in the human subjects.

Cited by