Stewart Carter · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 2012 · Descriptive pedagogical report · n=?

Beats, ratios, and commas: Teaching tuning and temperament to music students

Cited 1 times in the scientific literature.

Level 5 - mechanism / opinion, no new human data

Descriptive educational report without empirical trial or comparative evaluation (by design analogy, not clinical CEBM).

OpenAlex W2081233245 · doi:10.1121/1.4755208 · record verified 2026-08-26

What was done

The authors describe an instructional method in an introductory Physics of Music course to address undergraduate students' misconceptions about tuning and temperament. The course teaches the mathematical foundations of equal, Pythagorean, just, and meantone temperaments using live demonstrations, recorded examples, and historical instruments (such as Baroque woodwinds and a 1799 organ).

What was found

The abstract reports no numerical data or formal outcome evaluations. It notes qualitatively that undergraduate music, science, and non-science majors commonly exhibit preconceived notions that equal temperament is intrinsically in tune and that A4 = 440 Hz is the only historical pitch standard.

Why it matters

The paper outlines practical demonstration-based pedagogical methods for physics and music educators teaching the physical and mathematical bases of temperament systems.

Limits

The abstract provides no empirical assessment, comparative evaluation, or quantitative metrics of student learning or instructional efficacy. Sample size is not reported.

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