Anne H. Gauthier · Population and Development Review 2004 · Multi-country repeated cross-sectional trend study · n=16 countries

Are Parents Investing Less Time in Children? Trends in Selected Industrialized Countries

Cited 420 times in the scientific literature.

Level 4 - case-series / case-control

Design analogy for non-clinical study analyzing repeated cross-sectional time-use surveys

OpenAlex W2169974677 · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.00036.x · record verified 2026-08-27

What was done

Trends in parental time invested in children from the 1960s onward were evaluated across 16 industrialized countries using time-use survey datasets. In addition, a detailed multivariate analysis examining specific types of childcare activities while controlling for demographic shifts was conducted using data from Canada.

What was found

No quantitative values, percentages, or effect sizes were reported in the abstract. Qualitatively, parental time investment in children increased over the 40-year period across all 16 countries. Mothers continued to spend more time in childcare than fathers, but the gender gap narrowed. In Canada, the increase in parental time remained statistically significant after adjusting for demographic composition changes.

Why it matters

This study provides cross-national evidence challenging the assumption that modern time pressures have decreased parental involvement, demonstrating instead a sustained multi-decade increase in time devoted to children.

Limits

The abstract provides no participant sample sizes or numeric estimates. The analysis relies on self-reported time-use surveys, which are subject to recall and social desirability biases, and multivariate demographic adjustment was reported only for Canada rather than the full set of countries.

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