Alejandro Estrada · Science Advances 2017 · Global conservation assessment and narrative review · n=504 primate species

Impending extinction crisis of the world’s primates: Why primates matter

Cited 1488 times in the scientific literature.

Level 5 - mechanism / opinion, no new human data

Non-clinical global conservation assessment and synthesis (Grade 5 by design analogy)

OpenAlex W2581828022 · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600946 · record verified 2026-08-28

What was done

Synthesized global conservation data covering 504 nonhuman primate species across 79 genera distributed throughout the Neotropics, mainland Africa, Madagascar, and Asia, evaluating extinction risks, population trajectories, and primary anthropogenic drivers.

What was found

Approximately 60% of primate species are currently threatened with extinction, and ~75% have declining populations. Identified primary drivers include habitat loss from industrial agriculture, cattle ranching, logging, mining, fossil fuel extraction, dam building, and road infrastructure, compounded by bushmeat hunting, illegal pet and body-part trade, climate change, and anthroponotic diseases.

Why it matters

This assessment highlights that the majority of extant primate species face imminent extinction risk due to compounding human pressures. It emphasizes the urgent need for conservation policies that align biodiversity preservation with sustainable development in human communities within primate ranges.

Limits

The abstract presents broad global aggregate estimates without reporting specific confidence intervals, detailed regional breakdowns, or quantitative modeling of threat interactions. As a descriptive synthesis, it does not test specific conservation interventions.

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