George Brooks
George A. Brooks, Ph.D., is a researcher in physiology and metabolism known for developing the lactate shuttle hypothesis. His published research focuses on carbohydrate and lactate kinetics, muscle fuel utilization, and mitochondrial bioenergetics in the context of exercise and aging. He also investigates the potential therapeutic applications of lactate in neurological conditions and metabolic regulation.
36 claims checked on air: 1 context 1 contradicted 1 overstated 31 supported 2 unverified 2 flagged
What they said on air - unverified
9 citing their own research
In isotope tracer studies, ingested lactate is absorbed by the intestinal tract and oxidized in breath within 5 minutes, compared to at least 30 minutes for ingested glucose to peak.
"And you can see the lactate is the first taken up by the intestinal tract, and it's burned and it's in the breath in five minutes. But it takes at least a half hour for glucose to get there and reach your peak." (said at 0:40:30)
No published record matching the claim that ingested isotopically labeled lactate is absorbed and detected in breath CO2 within 5 minutes, compared to at least 30 minutes for glucose to reach its peak, was located; this does not prove the claim false.
When humans ingest carbohydrates, whole-body lactate production increases substantially, but blood lactate only rises modestly because lactate is rapidly cleared by tissues including the heart, liver, and brain.
"And nobody actually realized this because unless you use isotope tracers like we did, you know, you eat carbohydrate and your blood lactate rises a little bit, but actually the production went way up, it just was removed by the heart, by the liver, by the brain, by all these different tissues that are using it as a source of energy." (said at 0:49:36)
No published record matching the claim that carbohydrate ingestion causes a large increase in whole-body lactate production that is masked in blood concentration by rapid clearance across tissues such as the heart, liver, and brain was located; this does not prove the claim false.
Fact-checked episodes
Publications
- Skin CO 2 sniffing for wearable metabolic monitoring.Science advances 2026 · CEBM Level 4
- Molecular vehicles for therapeutic delivery of lactate in exercise and medicine.Sports medicine and health science 2026 · CEBM Level 5
- Exercise training improves exercise capacity independent of AMPKα2 T172-mediated adaptations in skeletal muscle.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2026 · CEBM Level 5
- Exogenous lactate ameliorates Aβ-induced energy deficit and neurotoxicity with increased mitochondrial TCA cycle carbon flux in SH-SY5Y cells.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 2026 · CEBM Level 5
- The mitochondrial lactate oxidation complex: endpoint for carbohydrate carbon disposal.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 2025 · CEBM Level 5
- Impact of embryo culture and day of embryo transfer on the cardiometabolic health of adult mice†.Biology of reproduction 2025 · CEBM Level 5
- Age-related declines in mitochondrial Prdx6 contribute to dysregulated muscle bioenergetics.Redox biology 2025 · CEBM Level 5
- Resilience of the mitochondrial reticulum in aging.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 2025 · CEBM Level 5
- Muscle Fuel Utilization with Glycolysis Viewed Right Side Up.Advances in experimental medicine and biology 2025 · CEBM Level 5
- Lactate as a metabolic-epigenetic signal linking high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to miRNA-Centered remodeling of the skeletal muscle methylome and transcriptome.Redox biology 2025 · CEBM Level 5
- Enteric and systemic postprandial lactate shuttle phases and dietary carbohydrate carbon flow in humans.Nature metabolism 2024 · CEBM Level 4
- Efficiency of cycling exercise: misunderstandings of physiology.The Journal of physiology 2024 · CEBM Level 5
- Altered glucose kinetics occurs with aging: a new outlook on metabolic flexibility.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 2024 · CEBM Level 3
- Leg cycling efficiency is unaltered in healthy aging regardless of sex or training status.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2024 · CEBM Level 3
- Delayed and diminished postprandial lactate shuttling in healthy older men and women.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 2024 · CEBM Level 3
- Aging delays the suppression of lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation in the postprandial period.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2024 · CEBM Level 3
- Lactate as a myokine and exerkine: drivers and signals of physiology and metabolism.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2023 · CEBM Level 5
- Role of Lactate in the Regulation of Transcriptional Activity of Breast Cancer-Related Genes and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Proteins: A Compassion of MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 Cancer Cell Lines.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2023 · CEBM Level 5
- What the Lactate Shuttle Means for Sports Nutrition.Nutrients 2023 · CEBM Level 5
- Underfeeding Alters Brain Tissue Synthesis Rate in a Rat Brain Injury Model.International journal of molecular sciences 2023 · CEBM Level 5
- Lactate in contemporary biology: a phoenix risen.The Journal of physiology 2022 · CEBM Level 5
- Hyperlactatemia in diabetic ketoacidosis.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association 2022 · CEBM Level 4
- The blood lactate/pyruvate equilibrium affair.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 2022 · CEBM Level 5
- Authors' Reply to Monferrer-Marín J, et al.: Assessment of Metabolic Flexibility by Means of Measuring Blood Lactate, Fat, and Carbohydrate Oxidation Responses to Exercise in Professional Endurance Athletes and Less-Fit Individuals.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2022 · CEBM Level 5
- Chronic Lactate Exposure Decreases Mitochondrial Function by Inhibition of Fatty Acid Uptake and Cardiolipin Alterations in Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes.Frontiers in nutrition 2022 · CEBM Level 5
- Reply from George A. Brooks.The Journal of physiology 2022 · CEBM Level 5
- Trimetazidine Blocks Lipid Oxidation-Should it be Repurposed for Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis?Journal of diabetes science and technology 2022 · CEBM Level 5
- Lactate as a major myokine and exerkine.Nature reviews. Endocrinology 2022 · CEBM Level 5
- Tracing the lactate shuttle to the mitochondrial reticulum.Experimental & molecular medicine 2022 · CEBM Level 5
- Fractional Gluconeogenesis: A Biomarker of Dietary Energy Adequacy in a Rat Brain Injury Model.Metabolites 2022 · CEBM Level 5
- The anaerobic threshold: 50+ years of controversy.The Journal of physiology 2021 · CEBM Level 5
- Reply from David Poole, Harry Rossiter, George Brooks and L. Bruce Gladden.The Journal of physiology 2021 · CEBM Level 5
- Reply from George A. Brooks, Harry B. Rossiter, David C. Poole and L. Bruce Gladden.The Journal of physiology 2021 · CEBM Level 5
- The "Anaerobic Threshold" Concept Is Not Valid in Physiology and Medicine.Medicine and science in sports and exercise 2021 · CEBM Level 5
- Role of the Heart in Lactate Shuttling.Frontiers in nutrition 2021 · CEBM Level 5
- Lactate as a fulcrum of metabolism.Redox biology 2020 · CEBM Level 5
- The tortuous path of lactate shuttle discovery: From cinders and boards to the lab and ICU.Journal of sport and health science 2020 · CEBM Level 5
- The Precious Few Grams of Glucose During Exercise.International journal of molecular sciences 2020 · CEBM Level 5
- Is Lactate an Oncometabolite? Evidence Supporting a Role for Lactate in the Regulation of Transcriptional Activity of Cancer-Related Genes in MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells.Frontiers in oncology 2019 · CEBM Level 5
- Assessment of Metabolic Flexibility by Means of Measuring Blood Lactate, Fat, and Carbohydrate Oxidation Responses to Exercise in Professional Endurance Athletes and Less-Fit Individuals.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2018 · CEBM Level 4
- Wearable physiological systems and technologies for metabolic monitoring.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2018 · CEBM Level 5
- The Science and Translation of Lactate Shuttle Theory.Cell metabolism 2018 · CEBM Level 5
- Reexamining cancer metabolism: lactate production for carcinogenesis could be the purpose and explanation of the Warburg Effect.Carcinogenesis 2017 · CEBM Level 5
- Roles of estrogen receptor-alpha in mediating life span: the hypothalamic deregulation hypothesis.Physiological genomics 2017 · CEBM Level 5
- First in vivo traumatic brain injury imaging via magnetic particle imaging.Physics in medicine and biology 2017 · CEBM Level 5
- Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis.Nature 2016 · CEBM Level 4
- Energy Flux, Lactate Shuttling, Mitochondrial Dynamics, and Hypoxia.Advances in experimental medicine and biology 2016 · CEBM Level 5
- Endogenous Nutritive Support after Traumatic Brain Injury: Peripheral Lactate Production for Glucose Supply via Gluconeogenesis.Journal of neurotrauma 2015 · CEBM Level 3
- Lactate: brain fuel in human traumatic brain injury: a comparison with normal healthy control subjects.Journal of neurotrauma 2015 · CEBM Level 4
- Cerebral metabolism following traumatic brain injury: new discoveries with implications for treatment.Frontiers in neuroscience 2014 · CEBM Level 5
- Gluconeogenesis and hepatic glycogenolysis during exercise at the lactate threshold.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2013 · CEBM Level 3
- Lactate kinetics at the lactate threshold in trained and untrained men.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2013 · CEBM Level 3
- Direct and indirect lactate oxidation in trained and untrained men.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2013 · CEBM Level 3
- Unique growth pattern of human mammary epithelial cells induced by polymeric nanoparticles.Physiological reports 2013 · CEBM Level 5
- Effects of acute and chronic exercise on sarcolemmal MCT1 and MCT4 contents in human skeletal muscles: current status.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology 2012 · CEBM Level 5
- Transpulmonary lactate shuttle.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology 2012 · CEBM Level 5
- Mild heat stress induces mitochondrial biogenesis in C2C12 myotubes.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2012 · CEBM Level 5
- Exercise tames the wild side of the Myc network: a hypothesis.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 2012 · CEBM Level 5
- Host metabolism regulates growth and differentiation of Toxoplasma gondii.International journal for parasitology 2012 · CEBM Level 5
- Bioenergetics of exercising humans.Comprehensive Physiology 2012 · CEBM Level 5
- Mitochondrial and plasma membrane lactate transporter and lactate dehydrogenase isoform expression in breast cancer cell lines.Physiological genomics 2011 · CEBM Level 5
- Energy substrate partitioning and efficiency in individuals with atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2011 · CEBM Level 3
- Transpulmonary pyruvate kinetics.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology 2011 · CEBM Level 5
- Plasma triglyceride concentrations are rapidly reduced following individual bouts of endurance exercise in women.European journal of applied physiology 2010 · CEBM Level 2
- What does glycolysis make and why is it important?Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2010 · CEBM Level 5
- Master regulator or readout: the wisdom of distributed control. Focus on "Pyruvate suppresses PGC1alpha expression and substrate utilization despite increased respiratory chain content in C2C12 myotubes".American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 2010 · CEBM Level 5
- H2O2-induced mitochondrial fragmentation in C2C12 myocytes.Free radical biology & medicine 2010 · CEBM Level 5
- It takes a brain.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2009 · CEBM Level 5
- Training improves the response in glucose flux to exercise in postmenopausal women.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2009 · CEBM Level 3
- Effects of endurance training on cardiorespiratory fitness and substrate partitioning in postmenopausal women.Metabolism: clinical and experimental 2009 · CEBM Level 3
- Cell-cell and intracellular lactate shuttles.The Journal of physiology 2009 · CEBM Level 5
- Critical importance of controlling energy status to understand the effects of "exercise" on metabolism.Exercise and sport sciences reviews 2008 · CEBM Level 5
- Mitochondrial lactate oxidation complex and an adaptive role for lactate production.Medicine and science in sports and exercise 2008 · CEBM Level 5
- Glucoregulation is more precise in women than in men during postexercise recovery.The American journal of clinical nutrition 2008 · CEBM Level 2
- Evidence for the mitochondrial lactate oxidation complex in rat neurons: demonstration of an essential component of brain lactate shuttles.PloS one 2008 · CEBM Level 5
- Contributions of working muscle to whole body lipid metabolism are altered by exercise intensity and training.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 2007 · CEBM Level 3
- Pyruvate metabolism in working human skeletal muscle.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 2007 · CEBM Level 5
- So many meetings and things to learn and so little time.Exercise and sport sciences reviews 2007 · CEBM Level 5
- Comments on point:counterpoint: "the lactate paradox does/does not occur during exercise at high altitude".Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2007 · CEBM Level 5
- Lactate sensitive transcription factor network in L6 cells: activation of MCT1 and mitochondrial biogenesis.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2007 · CEBM Level 5
- Genome, proteome, and transcriptomes: the new systems approach to research.Exercise and sport sciences reviews 2007 · CEBM Level 5
- Lactate: link between glycolytic and oxidative metabolism.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2007 · CEBM Level 5
- From euclid to molecular biology and gene expression: where now for allometric modeling?Exercise and sport sciences reviews 2007 · CEBM Level 5
- Substantial working muscle glycerol turnover during two-legged cycle ergometry.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 2007 · CEBM Level 3
- Investigation of the lactate shuttle in skeletal muscle mitochondria.The Journal of physiology 2007 · CEBM Level 5
- Retention of intravenously infused [13C]bicarbonate is transiently increased during recovery from hard exercise.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2007 · CEBM Level 2
- Lipolysis and fatty acid metabolism in men and women during the postexercise recovery period.The Journal of physiology 2007 · CEBM Level 2
- Body-mind learning: a lesson for the mind from muscle.Exercise and sport sciences reviews 2007 · CEBM Level 5
- Comments on Point-Counterpoint "Positive effects of intermittent hypoxia (live high:train low) on exercise performance are/are not mediated primarily by augmented red cell volume".Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2006 · CEBM Level 5
- Colocalization of MCT1, CD147, and LDH in mitochondrial inner membrane of L6 muscle cells: evidence of a mitochondrial lactate oxidation complex.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 2006 · CEBM Level 5
- Reflections on the Institute of Medicine Report: arriving December 2005.Exercise and sport sciences reviews 2006 · CEBM Level 5
- Endurance training has little effect on active muscle free fatty acid, lipoprotein cholesterol, or triglyceride net balances.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 2006 · CEBM Level 3
- Lactic acid accumulation is an advantage/disadvantage during muscle activity.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2006 · CEBM Level 5
- ACSM Fellow Ken Baldwin and colleagues discover a new antisense retrograde mechanism of gene regulation.Exercise and sport sciences reviews 2006 · CEBM Level 5
- Catecholamine response is attenuated during moderate-intensity exercise in response to the "lactate clamp".American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 2005 · CEBM Level 3
- Hematological and acid-base changes in men during prolonged exercise with and without sodium-lactate infusion.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2005 · CEBM Level 3
- Lipid oxidation in fit young adults during postexercise recovery.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2005 · CEBM Level 3
- Fatty acid reesterification but not oxidation is increased by oral contraceptive use in women.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2005 · CEBM Level 3
- Three weeks of caloric restriction alters protein metabolism in normal-weight, young men.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 2005 · CEBM Level 3
- Immunohistochemical analysis of MCT1, MCT2 and MCT4 expression in rat plantaris muscle.The Journal of physiology 2005 · CEBM Level 5
- Governor recalled! Now what?The Journal of physiology 2005 · CEBM Level 5
- Pyruvate shuttling during rest and exercise before and after endurance training in men.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2004 · CEBM Level 3
- Menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive effects on triglyceride mobilization during exercise.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2004 · CEBM Level 3
- Chronicle of the Institute of Medicine physical activity recommendation: how a physical activity recommendation came to be among dietary recommendations.The American journal of clinical nutrition 2004 · CEBM Level 5
- MCT1 confirmed in rat striated muscle mitochondria.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2004 · CEBM Level 5
- Peroxisomal membrane monocarboxylate transporters: evidence for a redox shuttle system?Biochemical and biophysical research communications 2003 · CEBM Level 5