Scott Galloway
New York University's Stern School of Business
Scott Galloway is a professor of marketing at New York University's Stern School of Business. His work and discussions focus on masculine roles, obligations, and strategies for navigating work, finances, health, and relationships. He also addresses issues surrounding technology, social media, alcohol, cannabis, and pornography.
25 claims checked on air: 3 context 1 contradicted 3 overstated 7 supported 11 unverified
What they said on air
Historically, approximately 40% of men have reproduced compared to roughly 80% of women.
"Only 40% of men have reproduced throughout history; 80% of women." (said at 0:23:55)
Genetic and anthropological studies comparing mitochondrial DNA (maternal lineage) and Y-chromosome variation (paternal lineage) confirm that the female effective population size has historically exceeded the male effective population size across human evolutionary history (a ratio often estimated around 2:1 or higher in certain bottlenecks, consistent with ~80% vs ~40% effective breeders). However, these figures derive from population genetic models of effective population size (Ne) and variances in male vs. female reproductive success (driven by factors such as polygyny, male-biased variance in offspring, and sex-biased demographic bottlenecks, notably during the Neolithic transition) rather than direct absolute historical censuses of reproducing individuals. Additionally, natural and purifying selection on the Y chromosome may also contribute to reduced Y-chromosome diversity.
- context: Sex-specific demographic behaviours that shape human genomic variation. (Molecular ecology 2012)
"Then, we present and discuss three anthropological processes that may explain sex-specific differences in effective population size and thus human genomic variation: (i) variance in reproductive success arising from, for example, polygyny; (ii) descent rules; and (iii) transmission of reproductive success." (abstract, conclusions, passage verified)
pubmedfull study (doi) - context: Natural selection reduced diversity on human y chromosomes. (PLoS genetics 2014)
"The human Y chromosome exhibits surprisingly low levels of genetic diversity. This could result from neutral processes if the effective population size of males is reduced relative to females due to a higher variance in the number of offspring from males than from females." (abstract, background, passage verified)
pubmedfull study (doi) - context: Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromos… (Investigative genetics 2014)
"We also find that the ratio of female effective population size to male effective population size (Nf/Nm) has been greater than one throughout the history of modern humans, and has recently increased due to faster growth in Nf than Nm." (abstract, results, passage verified)
pubmedfull study (doi)
In the modern Western world, approximately 75% of men reproduce.
"In the West, it's actually now 75%, so young men have more agency than they ever have." (said at 0:24:05)
Demographic and population register data from modern Western countries (such as the Nordic countries and broader European/US demographic surveys) indicate that male lifetime childlessness at ages 40–45 ranges between approximately 20% and 27%, meaning roughly 73% to 80% (around 75%) of men father at least one biological child.
Research indicates that young men under the age of 30 benefit more from being in a relationship than women do.
"And young men under the age of 30, a lot of the research shows, benefit more from a relationship than women." (said at 0:24:35)
Research on gender differences in the mental health and emotional benefits of romantic relationships among young adults shows a nuanced and mixed picture rather than a simple advantage for young men. Studies indicate that while the quality of an ongoing relationship (e.g., emotional support and strain) may have a stronger association with young men's emotional well-being, relationship status itself and breakups are often more strongly linked to young women's mental health. Additionally, longitudinal research in emerging adults found that both cohabitation and marriage provided emotional health benefits for young women, whereas only direct marriage provided emotional health benefits for young men.
Only one in three men under the age of 30 is in a romantic relationship, compared to two in three women.
"Yet only one in three men under the age of 30 is in a relationship, whereas two in three women are in a relationship." (said at 0:24:45)
No peer-reviewed records indexing this specific demographic survey statistic were identified in PubMed or Europe PMC. The claim closely mirrors findings from a 2022 Pew Research Center survey report (which reported that 63% of men aged 18–29 described themselves as single, compared to 34% of women in the same age group, meaning roughly one-third of young men versus two-thirds of young women were partnered/in a relationship). However, because Pew Research Center survey reports are published as non-peer-reviewed polling reports rather than biomedical journal articles indexed in PubMed, the statistic cannot be formally verified against the indexed scientific literature.
The majority of women who are murdered are killed by someone they know rather than by a stranger.
"The majority of women who are murdered are murdered by someone they know. So the reality is a small number of women are murdered on dates with strangers." (said at 0:49:16)
A large body of epidemiological and criminological research supports the claim that the majority of female homicide victims are killed by someone known to them (such as intimate partners, family members, or acquaintances) rather than by strangers. A global systematic review published in The Lancet (Stöckl et al., 2013) found that intimate partners alone account for roughly 38.6% of female homicides globally (over 40% in high-income regions), with family members and acquaintances accounting for additional substantial portions, while stranger homicides of women represent a small minority of cases.
- supports: The global prevalence of intimate partner homicide: a systematic review. (Lancet (London, England) 2013)
"Overall 13·5% (IQR 9·2-18·2) of homicides were committed by an intimate partner, and this proportion was six times higher for female homicides than for male homicides (38·6%, 30·8-45·3, vs 6·3%, 3·1-6·3). Median percentages for all (male and female) and female intimate partner homicide were highest in high-income countries (all, 14·9%, 9·2-18·2; female homicide, 41·2%, 30·8-44·5)" (abstract, results)
pubmedfull study (doi) - supports: Homicide Illustrated Across the Ages: Graphic Depictions of Victim and Offender Age, Sex, … (Journal of aging and health 2020)
"Female acquaintance and stranger homicides are rare. Within families, older male parents are killed by adult offspring, but rarely by IP. The majority of elder femicide is perpetrated by IP or other family." (abstract, results, passage verified)
pubmedfull study (doi) - supports: Gender differences in homicide in Contra Costa County, California: 1982-1993. (American journal of preventive medicine 1997)
"Forty-six percent of the women were killed by their spouse, other family member, or intimate partner, compared to only 11.4% of men. In contrast, men were more likely to be killed by a stranger than women (17.9% versus 10.9%, P = .02)." (abstract, results, passage verified)
pubmed
Approximately 40,000 men die by suicide each year in the United States.
"And 40,000 men a year kill themselves. So if you go on a date with a man, the man is 16 times more likely to go home and hurt himself than hurt you." (said at 0:49:40)
According to National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and CDC National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) data, approximately 48,000 to 50,000 total suicide deaths occur each year in the United States (age-adjusted rate of 14.1–14.2 per 100,000). Males consistently account for roughly 79% to 80% of these deaths, amounting to approximately 38,000 to 40,000 male suicide deaths annually.
Adolescent suicide rates have increased markedly since social media became accessible on mobile devices, with research by Jonathan Haidt and Jean Twenge identifying it as one of the primary drivers.
"Teen suicide has skyrocketed since social went on mobile. It's not the only reason, but it's either number one or number two. According to my colleague Jonathan Haidt and Jean Twenge at San Diego State" (said at 0:58:09)
Research by Jean Twenge, Jonathan Haidt, and colleagues documents that adolescent rates of depression, self-harm, suicidal ideation, and suicide increased substantially in the United States and other countries starting around 2011–2012, coinciding with the widespread adoption of smartphones and mobile social media. Their analyses and reviews identify the digital media environment (particularly social media use among adolescent girls) as a key contributor to these trends through mechanisms including sleep disruption, displacement of face-to-face interaction, cyberbullying, and social comparison.
- supports: Why increases in adolescent depression may be linked to the technological environment. (Current opinion in psychology 2020)
"Between 2011 and 2018, rates of depression, self-harm, and suicide attempts increased substantially among U.S. adolescents... Thus, although technology use is not the cause of most depression, increased time spent on technology and the technological environment may be causes of the sudden increase in depression since 2011." (abstract, conclusions)
pubmedfull study (doi) - supports: Specification curve analysis shows that social media use is linked to poor mental health, … (Acta psychologica 2022)
"When we used the revised constraints, we found several much larger relationships than previously reported. In particular: among girls, there is a consistent and substantial association between mental health and social media use (median betas from -0.11 to -0.24)... suggesting that these associations may have substantial practical significance as many countries are experiencing rising rates of depression, anxiety, and suicide among teenagers and young adults." (abstract, results, passage verified)
pubmedfull study (doi) - supports: Increases in Depression, Self-Harm, and Suicide Among U.S. Adolescents After 2012 and Link… (Psychiatric research and clinical practice 2020)
"After remaining stable during the early 2000s, the prevalence of mental health issues among U.S. adolescents and young adults began to rise in the early 2010s. These trends included sharp increases in depression, anxiety, loneliness, self-harm, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and suicide, with increases more pronounced among girls and young women. There is a growing consensus that these trends may be connected to the rise in technology use." (abstract, results, passage verified)
pubmedfull study (doi)
The number of children and teenagers who see their friends on a daily basis has declined by 50% over the last 20 years.
"The number of kids who see their friends every day has been cut in half in the last 20 years." (said at 1:04:51)
A systematic search of PubMed and Europe PMC using queries related to secular trends in daily adolescent face-to-face peer interaction, time spent with friends, and related survey data (such as Monitoring the Future and American Time Use Survey analyses) did not locate a peer-reviewed study verifying the specific claim that daily friend interaction among children and teenagers has declined by exactly 50% over the last 20 years. This does not prove the statement false, but the exact figure and timeline remain unverified in the biomedical literature database.
Men between the ages of 20 and 30 spend less time outdoors than prison inmates.
"Men between the ages of 20 and 30 are spending less time outdoors, Andrew, than prison inmates." (said at 1:04:51)
No published peer-reviewed studies comparing time spent outdoors among men aged 20 to 30 with that of prison inmates were identified. Similar comparisons (such as claims that modern children or young adults spend less time outside than prison inmates, referencing the UN standard minimum rule of one hour of daily outdoor exercise for prisoners) originate from commercial marketing campaigns and non-peer-reviewed survey reports rather than formal academic research. This lack of literature does not prove the claim is impossible, but it remains unverified in scientific databases.
Taking children completely off screens is more damaging to their mental health due to social ostracization.
"when you take kids off of screens totally, it actually is more damaging to their mental health because they're ostracized from all social activity." (said at 1:12:00)
Large cross-sectional studies exploring the 'Goldilocks hypothesis' (e.g., Przybylski & Weinstein, 2017) have found that adolescents reporting zero digital screen use have slightly lower mental well-being scores than moderate users, suggesting digital media may facilitate peer connectedness in modern youth. However, claiming that complete removal is 'more damaging' to mental health due to social ostracization overstates the available evidence. The observed differences in well-being between non-users and moderate users are small, derived from observational cross-sectional data, and other studies have supported linear exposure-response models where lower use correlates with better mental health.
- context: A Large-Scale Test of the Goldilocks Hypothesis. (Psychological science 2017)
"Overall, the evidence indicated that moderate use of digital technology is not intrinsically harmful and may be advantageous in a connected world. The findings inform recommendations for limiting adolescents' technology use and provide a template for conducting rigorous investigations into the relations between digital technology and children's and adolescents' health." (abstract, conclusions, passage verified)
pubmedfull study (doi) - contradicts: Screen Time and Mental Health in Canadian Youth: An Examination of Nationally Representati… (Psychological reports 2024)
"Furthermore, three out of the four mental health (presence of mood disorder, presence of anxiety disorder, and depression severity) measures peaked at an average of 12 hours and 19 minutes of screen time per week, hence, supporting the exposure-response curve." (abstract, results, passage verified)
pubmedfull study (doi)
School mobile phone bans lead to the greatest uptick in academic test scores in recent history.
"the greatest uptick in school scores in recent history is when they do what my buddy Jonathan Haidt suggests these schools do, and they ban phones." (said at 1:12:00)
The claim that school mobile phone bans cause the 'greatest uptick in academic test scores in recent history' is a vast exaggeration. Empirical studies on school smartphone bans typically report mixed, null, or at best modest effects on academic measures (often confined to low-achieving students in specific sub-analyses), rather than unprecedented historical improvements. Controlled evaluations, such as longitudinal comparisons of schools with and without bans, find no significant short-term differences in academic engagement or learning measures.
Oral nicotine products do not cause cancer.
"Which by the way don't cause cancer, but yes, is very addictive." (said at 1:20:14)
While tobacco-free oral nicotine products (such as nicotine pouches and pharmaceutical nicotine replacement therapies) contain negligible or undetectable levels of primary carcinogens like tobacco-specific nitrosamines compared to combustible tobacco, stating definitively that they 'do not cause cancer' overstates the evidence. Published reviews emphasize that long-term prospective epidemiological data evaluating oral cancer risk and carcinogenesis from exclusive long-term use are currently lacking, and localized oral mucosal lesions (such as hyperkeratosis) are regularly observed.
- context: Pathology of oral nicotine pouches and their addiction mechanisms. (Journal of dentistry 2026)
"ONPs eliminate combustion and tobacco leaf, reducing exposure to many carcinogens compared with cigarettes or snus. However, nicotine and flavor additives induce localized mucosal pathology, commonly presenting as white hyperkeratotic lesions with histological features of hyperkeratosis, edema, and inflammation, mediated by oxidative stress and NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling." (abstract, results, passage verified)
pubmedfull study (doi) - partial: Nicotine pouches: an aid in smoking cessation, or a new public health hazard? (Internal and emergency medicine 2026)
"Chemical analyses and biomarker studies consistently demonstrate that these products occupy the lowest end of the toxicant risk continuum, with harmful constituents such as tobacco-specific nitrosamines being largely undetectable or present at negligible levels compared to snus and combustible cigarettes. Consequently, smokers who switch to nicotine pouches experience reductions in toxicant exposure comparable to complete smoking cessation. While specific long-term epidemiological data are currently unavailable, the extensive evidence on Swedish snus, which has not been linked to lung cancer or significant cardiovascular disease, provides a compelling "bridging" argument for the safety of these tobacco-free derivatives." (abstract, results, passage verified)
pubmedfull study (doi) - partial: Nicotine pouches, oral cancer and tobacco harm reduction: current evidence and research pr… (Frontiers in oral health 2026)
"Toxicological analyses reveal significantly lower levels of harmful constituents relative to cigarettes and traditional smokeless tobacco, and short-term clinical studies report reductions in oral mucosal irritation and gingival inflammation among exclusive users. However, no long-term epidemiological evidence is currently available to assess their potential impact upon oral carcinogenesis, and existing human studies remain few, small and heterogeneous." (abstract, results, passage verified)
pubmedfull study (doi)
Israel and Singapore have the lowest levels of young adult depression among Western-aligned nations.
"If you look at the lowest levels of young adult depression in the West, it's two countries: it's Israel and Singapore." (said at 1:21:04)
A search of biomedical databases (PubMed and Europe PMC) found no cross-national epidemiological studies, comparative surveys, or meta-analyses establishing that Israel and Singapore have the lowest levels of young adult depression among Western-aligned nations. While national mental health surveys exist individually for both countries, standard comparative psychiatric epidemiological literature does not validate this specific cross-national ranking.
Approximately 95% of people are able to integrate alcohol and drugs into their lives without serious consequences.
"the data I've seen—and correct me if I'm wrong—that 95% of people are able to integrate alcohol and drugs into their life without serious consequences." (said at 1:28:36)
The claim that approximately 95% of people can integrate alcohol and drugs into their lives without serious consequences is contradicted by large-scale, nationally representative epidemiological data. According to the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III (NESARC-III, N=36,309), the lifetime prevalence of DSM-5 Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) in US adults is 29.1% (with a 12-month prevalence of 13.9%), and the lifetime prevalence of DSM-5 Drug Use Disorder (DUD) is 9.9%. Furthermore, among active alcohol users, past-year alcohol use disorder was documented at 17.5%. Consequently, substantially more than 5% of individuals experience clinically significant impairment or serious consequences from alcohol and drug use.
- contradicts: Epidemiology of DSM-5 Alcohol Use Disorder: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey… (JAMA psychiatry 2015)
"Twelve-month and lifetime prevalences of AUD were 13.9% and 29.1%, respectively." (abstract, results, passage verified)
pubmedfull study (doi) - contradicts: Epidemiology of DSM-5 Drug Use Disorder: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on… (JAMA psychiatry 2016)
"Prevalences of 12-month and lifetime DUD were 3.9% and 9.9%, respectively." (abstract, results, passage verified)
pubmedfull study (doi) - contradicts: Prevalence of 12-Month Alcohol Use, High-Risk Drinking, and DSM-IV Alcohol Use Disorder in… (JAMA psychiatry 2017)
"Increases were also seen for the total sample and most sociodemographic subgroups for the prevalences of 12-month DSM-IV AUD among 12-month alcohol users from 12.9% (95% CI, 12.3%-17.5%) to 17.5% (95% CI, 16.7%-18.3%)" (abstract, results, passage verified)
pubmedfull study (doi)
Of the 83 Carnegie Hero Fund awards given for risking physical safety to save others, 75 were awarded to men.
"They gave out 83 awards last year. 75 of them were men." (said at 1:51:23)
A search of biomedical and psychological literature identified studies examining Carnegie Hero Medal recipients as models of extreme altruism and intuitive decision-making (e.g., Rand & Epstein, 2014, PMID 25333876; Rhoads et al., 2023, PMID 37002205). However, the specific statistic cited—that exactly 75 of 83 awards in a given cohort/analysis were awarded to men—is not reported in the retrieved indexed abstracts. Consequently, this specific claim could not be verified in the scientific record.
Young men are four times as likely to die by suicide, three times as likely to suffer from addiction, and twelve times as likely to be incarcerated compared to young women.
"now a young man who is four times as likely to kill himself, three times as likely to be addicted, 12 times as likely to be incarcerated" (said at 1:56:10)
While widely cited demographic and public health statistics from sources like the CDC, SAMHSA, and the Bureau of Justice Statistics show male-to-female disparities in suicide mortality (approximately 4:1), substance use disorders (roughly 2:1 to 3:1), and incarceration rates (roughly 12:1 to 14:1), no single peer-reviewed publication directly evaluating or reporting this specific combined comparative triad for young adults was located in the searched database records. This does not mean the figures are factually inaccurate, but rather that the exact claim synthesis derives from broader national surveillance data rather than an individual indexed biomedical study.
In the K-12 school system, a boy is twice as likely to be suspended on a behavior-adjusted basis as a girl, and a Black boy is five times as likely.
"A boy is twice as likely to be suspended on a behavior-adjusted basis as a girl. A Black boy, five times as likely." (said at 1:59:00)
Extensive sociological and public health research in U.S. K-12 schools confirms large gender and racial disparities in exclusionary discipline (suspensions and expulsions) that persist after adjusting for student behavior and infractions. Large cohort analyses, such as data from the Fragile Families study, demonstrate that approximately 40% of Black boys face exclusionary discipline by third grade compared to 8% of White/other boys (a five-fold difference) and that these disparities remain substantial after controlling for underlying behavioral issues.
- supports: Punishment and Inequality at an Early Age: Exclusionary Discipline in Elementary School. (Social forces; a scientific medium of social study and interpretation 2019)
"We also find extreme racial disparity; about 40% of non-Hispanic black boys were suspended or expelled, compared to 8% of non-Hispanic white or other-race boys. Disparities are largely due to differences in children's school and home environments rather than to behavior problems." (abstract, results, passage verified)
pubmedfull study (doi) - supports: Punitive school discipline as a mechanism of structural marginalization with implications … (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2023)
"Furthermore, it is disproportionately imposed upon Black, Latinx, Native/Indigenous, LGBTQIA, and disabled students, concentrating its harms among marginalized young people." (abstract, background, passage verified)
pubmedfull study (doi) - supports: Interventions to Address Racism in Disciplinary Actions in K-12 Schools: A Systematic Revi… (Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research 2026)
"Students of color are disciplined for behavioral infractions at higher rates than white students in K-12 schools in the USA." (abstract, background, passage verified)
pubmedfull study (doi)
Women represent 70% of high school valedictorians and 60% of college attendees in the United States.
"Seven of 10 high school valedictorians are girls. It's now 60/40 female/male in college." (said at 1:59:15)
No biomedical or health science publications matching the specific claim that women represent 70% of high school valedictorians and 60% of college attendees in the United States were identified in PubMed or Europe PMC. These demographic figures are typically tracked by national education statistics agencies (such as the National Center for Education Statistics) rather than indexed biomedical literature. This lack of indexed scientific publications does not establish whether the claim is factually true or false.
When a boy loses a male role model in single parenthood, he is statistically more likely to be incarcerated than to graduate from college.
"When a boy loses a male role model, and 90% of the time single parenthood is headed by a woman, as mine was, at that moment, he becomes more likely to be incarcerated than graduate from college." (said at 2:01:40)
A systematic search of PubMed and Europe PMC databases did not identify peer-reviewed epidemiological or demographic studies supporting the specific statistical claim that boys raised in single-parent homes without a male role model are more likely to be incarcerated than to graduate from college. While literature documents associations between paternal absence or parental incarceration and adverse behavioral or educational outcomes (e.g., Demography 2012; PMID: 22203452), the specific comparison of lifetime incarceration risk versus college graduation rates for this group is unverified in the biomedical literature.
The United States has the highest proportion of single-parent households of any nation in the world.
"We have the most single-parent homes of any nation in the world. We used to be number two to Sweden; we passed them two years ago." (said at 2:05:16)
No peer-reviewed biomedical studies directly evaluating international cross-country rankings of single-parent household prevalence were retrieved in PubMed or Europe PMC. This claim originates from demographic research (notably a 2019 Pew Research Center global study of 130 countries and territories, which reported that the United States had the world's highest share of children living in single-parent households at roughly 23%, compared to a global average of 7%), which is published in demographic and sociological reports rather than indexed biomedical literature. A verdict of unverified indicates that the claim was not located within the queried biomedical databases, not that the claim is false.
China's average life expectancy increased from 47 to 77 years over a 60-year period.
"China's gone from an average life expectancy of 47 to 77 in 60 years as their wealth has gone up." (said at 2:09:22)
While large-scale demographic reconstructions (such as the Global Burden of Disease Study 1950–2023) assess long-term life expectancy trends across 204 countries and territories, specific country-level baseline and endline estimates for China (such as an increase from 47 to 77 years over 60 years) were not reported in the fetched abstract text. Consequently, the specific figures cannot be verified directly from the retrieved records.
Individuals in the bottom income decile live approximately 12 years less than those in the top income decile.
"You're in the bottom decile, I believe, of income, you live 12 years less long than someone in the upper decile, right? It's about money." (said at 2:09:32)
Large-scale population-level data in the United States demonstrate a substantial life expectancy gap across income strata that closely aligns with the 12-year figure. Specifically, a landmark population study of 1.4 billion tax records (Chetty et al., 2016) found that the gap in life expectancy at age 40 between the top 1% and bottom 1% was 14.6 years for men and 10.1 years for women (averaging ~12.4 years across sexes). Comparing the top and bottom deciles yields a roughly 10- to 13-year disparity depending on sex and geography.
Completing college is associated with a 50% reduction in suicide risk and a threefold reduction in obesity risk.
"And if you had a drug that could make it twice as likely that you get married, half as likely that you kill yourself, three times as likely that you become a millionaire, 10 times as likely that you run for office, four times as likely that you become an officer in the military, three times less likely that you become obese, would you hoard that drug?" (said at 2:12:58)
A search of biomedical and public health literature did not locate specific publications validating the precise quantitative claims that completing college is associated with exactly a 50% reduction in suicide risk and a threefold reduction in obesity risk. While general epidemiological literature often documents socioeconomic gradients in health outcomes—including inverse associations between higher educational attainment and both obesity prevalence and despair-related mortality—the specific effect estimates cited could not be confirmed.
The United States spends $13,000 per person on healthcare while having higher rates of obesity, anxiety, and depression than peer developed nations.
"we spend $13,000 per individual for more obesity, more anxiety, more depression than every other G6 nation." (said at 2:18:06)
Comparative analyses of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) data show that the United States spends far more per capita on healthcare than any peer high-income nation (surpassing $13,000 per capita in recent CMS/OECD national health accounts) while exhibiting significantly worse health indicators, including the highest rates of overweight/obesity and poorer population mental health metrics compared to peer developed nations.
Approximately 30% of US households carry medical or dental debt.
"30% of households have medical or dental debt." (said at 2:18:38)
Estimates of medical and dental debt in the United States vary substantially based on survey methodology, the exact definitions of debt (e.g., formal medical bills vs. credit card debt or family loans incurred for health/dental expenses), and whether working-age adults or all households are assessed. In nationally representative US Census Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) data, approximately 18.1% of households carried medical debt (10.8% of individuals). When evaluating broader medical financial hardship (including past-due bills and trouble paying medical bills) among non-elderly adults, rates approach 20% to 29%.
- context: Prevalence and Correlates of Medical Financial Hardship in the USA. (Journal of general internal medicine 2019)
"Hardship is more common for material, psychological and behavioral domains in adults aged 18-64 years (28.9%, 46.9%, and 21.2%, respectively) than in adults aged ≥ 65 years (15.3%, 28.4%, and 12.7%, respectively; all p < .001)." (abstract, results)
pubmedfull study (doi) - context: Prevalence and Risk Factors for Medical Debt and Subsequent Changes in Social Determinants… (JAMA network open 2022)
"A total of 10.8% (95% CI, 10.6-11.0) of individuals and approximately 18.1% of households carried medical debt." (abstract, results, passage verified)
pubmedfull study (doi) - context: The Association of Childbirth with Medical Debt in the USA, 2019-2020. (Journal of general internal medicine 2023)
"Medical debt affects one in five adults in the USA and may disproportionately burden postpartum women due to pregnancy-related medical costs." (abstract, background, passage verified)
pubmedfull study (doi)
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