Tyna Moore

Mitochondria are derived from bacteria.

"Mitochondria are bacteria. But that's the part that when I wrote a paper about this in undergrad, you'll be proud of me. I I wrote a whole paper about how mitochondria were bacteria when I was in like junior year." (said at 0:28:20)

The endosymbiotic theory of mitochondrial origin is established evolutionary biology. Modern genomic and phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that all eukaryotic mitochondria derived from an ancestral endosymbiotic alphaproteobacterium that integrated into an archaeal host cell. While modern mitochondria function as specialized cellular organelles rather than independent bacteria, their bacterial ancestry is supported by overwhelming phylogenetic, genetic, and structural evidence.

• supports: The Origin and Diversification of Mitochondria. (Current biology : CB 2017) · cited 1172x in the literature

  "all mitochondria derive from a common ancestral organelle that originated from the integration of an endosymbiotic alphaproteobacterium into a host cell related to Asgard Archaea. The transition from endosymbiotic bacterium to permanent organelle entailed a massive number of evolutionary changes including the origins of hundreds of new genes and a protein import system" (abstract, passage verified)

  pubmedfull study (doi)
• supports: Site-and-branch-heterogeneous analyses of an expanded dataset favour mitochondria as siste… (Nature ecology & evolution 2022) · cited 120x in the literature

  "Determining the phylogenetic origin of mitochondria is key to understanding the ancestral mitochondrial symbiosis and its role in eukaryogenesis... The consilience of evidence thus suggests that mitochondria are sister to the Alphaproteobacteria" (abstract)

  pubmedfull study (doi)

Nervousness and excitement share the same underlying physiological response.

"Yeah, it's the same physiological response. You just reframe it, you know?" (said at 1:05:20)

Experimental research on emotional reappraisal demonstrates that anxiety/nervousness and excitement are both high-arousal affective states sharing similar autonomic physiological activation (elevated sympathetic arousal). Because of this 'arousal congruency', cognitive reframing (such as adopting an opportunity mindset rather than a threat mindset through self-talk like 'I am excited') effectively shifts the emotional state and improves performance, whereas attempting to suppress arousal to calm down is significantly more difficult.

• supports: Get excited: reappraising pre-performance anxiety as excitement. (Journal of experimental psychology. General 2014) · cited 347x in the literature

  "Compared with those who attempt to calm down, individuals who reappraise their anxious arousal as excitement feel more excited and perform better. Individuals can reappraise anxiety as excitement using minimal strategies such as self-talk (e.g., saying "I am excited" out loud) or simple messages (e.g., "get excited"), which lead them to feel more excited, adopt an opportunity mind-set (as opposed to a threat mind-set), and improve their subsequent performance. These findings suggest the importance of arousal congruency during the emotional reappraisal process." (abstract, results, passage verified)

  pubmedfull study (doi)