Vigorous aerobic physical exercise is the most empirically well-validated strategy for increasing neuroplasticity.
"And so exercise, physical exercise, particularly vigorous aerobic exercise of the sort that you're describing is indeed, as you are hinting, the most empirically well-validated strategy for increasing neuroplasticity." (said at 0:02:32)
Substantial evidence from systematic reviews and randomized trials confirms that physical exercise—particularly moderate-to-vigorous aerobic exercise—robustly promotes neuroplasticity, as demonstrated by increases in circulating neurotrophins (such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF), enhanced motor cortex excitability, and structural/functional brain adaptations. However, designating vigorous aerobic exercise as definitively 'the most empirically well-validated' strategy requires context: human evidence largely relies on surrogate biomarkers (e.g., peripheral BDNF, transcranial magnetic stimulation measures) rather than direct cellular synaptic measurements, and other modalities (such as resistance training, combined training, and cognitive training) also demonstrate comparable empirical support for promoting neuroplasticity.
- supports: The Effect of Aerobic Exercise in Neuroplasticity, Learning, and Cognition: A Systematic R… (Cureus 2024)
"The results suggested that aerobic exercise at various intensities, particularly at high intensity, can influence cortical excitability and result in cognitive improvement; also, exercise was associated with direct cortical and structural changes." (abstract, results, passage verified)
pubmedfull study (doi) - context: Effects of Regular Exercise on Peripheral Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Neurologica… (Brain sciences 2025)
"According to low-quality evidence, exercise significantly increased peripheral BDNF (SMD = 1.03, 95% CI: [0.56-1.49, p < 0.0001)... Subgroup analyses revealed significant improvements for resistance exercise (SMD = 1.57, 95% CI: 0.91-2.23), followed by aerobic (SMD = 1.44, 95% CI: 0.36-2.52) and combined exercise (SMD = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.21-0.89)." (abstract, results)
pubmedfull study (doi) - supports: Acute cardiovascular exercise and circulating neurotrophic factors in humans: A systematic… (Brain research 2026)
"Acute exercise was consistently associated with transient increases in BDNF, particularly following moderate-to-vigorous intensities and immediate post-exercise sampling. The meta-analysis confirmed a moderate, statistically significant increase in circulating BDNF (pooled Hedges' g = 0.48, 95 % CI [0.29, 0.68], p < 0.001), with directionally larger effects following higher-intensity exercise and in younger adults." (abstract, results, passage verified)
pubmedfull study (doi)