A study by Dr. Brittany Krzyzanowski and Dr. Rodolfo Savica in Rochester, Minnesota, found that living within one mile of a golf course was associated with a 126% increased risk of developing Parkinson's compared to living six miles or more away.
"And my colleagues Dr. Brittany Krzyzanowski at Barrow Neurological Institute in Phoenix and Dr. Rodolfo Savica at the Mayo Clinic, a neurologist like David and and me, um they looked at the incidence, number of new cases of Parkinson's in Rochester, Minnesota, where the Mayo Clinic is located, where they have really good data on number of new cases, and they found using sophisticated mapping of golf courses that individuals who lived within one mile of a golf course had a 126% increased risk of developing Parkinson's compared to people who lived six miles or more away." (said at 0:43:48)
A 2025 population-based case-control study by Krzyzanowski, Savica, and colleagues using Rochester Epidemiology Project data analyzed 419 incident Parkinson's disease cases and 5,113 matched controls in Olmsted County/Rochester, Minnesota. After multivariable adjustment for demographic and neighborhood factors, living within 1 mile of a golf course was associated with a 126% increase in the odds of developing Parkinson's disease compared to living more than 6 miles away (adjusted OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.09–4.70). Evidence certainty is rated low due to the observational case-control design.
- supports: Proximity to Golf Courses and Risk of Parkinson Disease. (JAMA network open 2025)
"After adjusting for patient demographics and neighborhood characteristics, living within 1 mile of a golf course was associated with 126% increased odds of developing PD compared with individuals living more than 6 miles away from a golf course (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.26; 95% CI, 1.09-4.70)." (abstract, results, passage verified)
pubmedfull study (doi)