How to Make Disease Disappear- with Dr. Rangan Chatterjee | The Empowering Neurologist EP. 73

"Complications included delayed gross motor development (26.4%), fractures (9.6%), hypocalcaemic seizures (8%) and dilated cardiomyopathy (3%)." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Late neonatal hypocalcemia (LNH) is a common metabolic problem associated with hypoparathyroidism, high phosphate intake and vitamin D deficiency, often presenting with seizures." (abstract, introduction, passage verified)

"Hypocalcemia represents a major cause of seizures in children in the absence of fever or infections. Hypovitaminosis D, usually associated with a lack of proper prophylactic regimens, can trigger those events." (abstract, introduction, passage verified)

"Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced via gut microbiota fermentation of dietary fiber have been proposed to regulate host metabolism and feeding behavior via the vagus nerve, but the molecular mechanisms have not yet been elucidated... SCFA, particularly propionate, signaling occurs via free fatty acid receptor 3 (FFAR3), that we found expressed in vagal sensory neurons innervating throughout the gut." (abstract, background and results, passage verified)

"A key focus in this regard have been the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by bacterial fermentation of dietary fibre, which include butyrate, acetate, and propionate. Ongoing research is focused on the entry of SCFAs into systemic circulation from the gut lumen, their migration to cerebral circulation and across the blood brain barrier, and their potential to exert acute and chronic effects on brain structure and function." (abstract, passage verified)

"The communication within MGBA involves various pathways leading through the vagus nerve and the bloodstream mediators. The latter are represented by short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced by gut microbiota from dietary fiber." (abstract, passage verified)

"We compared pre-diabetes, dysglycemia (diabetes or pre-diabetes), and diabetes identified by the proposed criteria (A1C ≥ 6.5% for diabetes and 6.0-6.4% [IEC] or 5.7-6.4% [ADA] for high risk/pre-diabetes) with standard OGTT diagnoses in three datasets." (abstract, methods, passage verified)

"Diagnosis of diabetes is established on (at least) one of the following criteria: a fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l), a casual plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) in the presence of symptoms, a 2-h plasma glucose during the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) ≥ 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) and/or an HbA1c ≥ 6.5%. Prediabetes is defined by the Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association as a fasting plasma glucose between 100 and 125 mg/dl (5.6 - 6.9 mmol/l) [a condition called Impaired Fasting Glucose] and/or by a 2-h plasma glucose during OGTT 140 - 199 mg/dl (7.8 - 11.0 mmol) [Impaired Glucose Tolerance] and/or a HbA1c level 5.7 - 6.4%" (abstract, passage verified)

"weight declined 13.8 ± 0.71 kg (P < 1.0 × 10 -16 ), and T2D medication prescription other than metformin declined from 56.9 ± 3.1% to 29.7 ± 3.0% (P < 1.0 × 10 -16 )." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Glucose levels and stress hormones were increased, right before and after the jump, whereas the immune response was decreased. Pancreatic β-cell function was decreased right before the jump, and insulin resistance was increased right after the jump. Higher levels of cortisol correlated with increased insulin resistance after the jump. Furthermore, larger increments of cortisol before and of epinephrine after the jump were associated with decreased pancreatic β-cell function." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Epinephrine causes a prompt increase in blood glucose concentration in the postabsorptive state. This effect is mediated by a transient increase in hepatic glucose production and an inhibition of glucose disposal by insulin-dependent tissues." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"We further identified IL-6 as a systemic mediator of neutrophil recruitment from the bone marrow of dextran sulfate sodium animals. Functional inhibition of IL-6 led to reduced systemic and pulmonary neutrophilia, but it did not attenuate established colitis pathology. These data suggest that systemic bacteremia and pyrexia drive IL-6 secretion, which is a critical driver for pulmonary manifestation of IBD." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Extraintestinal manifestations are common in inflammatory bowel disease and involve several organs, including the kidney... Furthermore, our studies show that aggravated colitis-associated systemic inflammation and AKI observed in LRP5/6 LysM mice are due to increased bacterial translocation to extraintestinal sites and microbiota-dependent increased proinflammatory cytokine levels in the kidney." (abstract, results)

"Dysregulation disrupts these protective mechanisms and initiates feed-forward cycle of epithelial damage, metabolic endotoxemia, dysbiosis, and heightened cytokine-driven inflammation. Such aberrant activity contributes to major intestinal diseases-including inflammatory bowel disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, and colorectal cancer-as well as extraintestinal conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and neuroinflammation through gut-brain axis pathways." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"'SMILES' was a 12-week, parallel-group, single blind, randomised controlled trial of an adjunctive dietary intervention in the treatment of moderate to severe depression. The intervention consisted of seven individual nutritional consulting sessions delivered by a clinical dietician. The control condition comprised a social support protocol to the same visit schedule and length... Remission, defined as a MADRS score <10, was achieved for 32.3% (n = 10) and 8.0% (n = 2) of the intervention and control groups, respectively (χ 2 (1) = 4.84, p = 0.028); number needed to treat (NNT) based on remission scores was 4.1 (95% CI of NNT 2.3-27.8)." (abstract, methods and results, passage verified)

"Seeking an inflammatory factor causative of the onset of insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes, we have identified bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a triggering factor... When metabolic endotoxemia was induced for 4 weeks in mice through continuous subcutaneous infusion of LPS, fasted glycemia and insulinemia and whole-body, liver, and adipose tissue weight gain were increased to a similar extent as in high-fat-fed mice." (abstract, results)

"Most of the studies observed higher LPS or LBP concentrations in diabetic subjects than in healthy controls. T1DM and T2DM subjects presented higher mean fasting LPS of 235.7% and 66.4% compared with non-diabetic subjects, respectively." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. It is found from intestinal microbes in the circulatory system and considered a trigger factor for low-grade inflammation in obesity. High-fat diet intake and its related obesity can cause gut microbiota disorder, leading to increased gut permeability, paracellular absorption and transcellular transport of endogenous endotoxin in the cardiovascular system." (abstract, background, passage verified)

"Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the main structural component of the outer membrane of most Gram-negative bacteria and has diverse immunostimulatory and procoagulant effects." (abstract, background, passage verified)

"Indeed, increased blood levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a glycolipid of outer membrane of gut gram-negative bacteria, have been detected in patients with diabetes, obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or in patients with established coronary disease such as myocardial infarction or atrial fibrillation, suggesting endotoxemia as aggravating factor via systemic inflammation and eventually vascular damage. Upon interaction with its receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) LPS may, in fact, act at different cellular levels so eliciting formation of proinflammatory cytokines or exerting a procoagulant activity." (abstract, background, passage verified)

"A comparison of the nutrient profiles of the three dietary patterns shows that the traditional Okinawan diet is the lowest in fat intake, particularly in terms of saturated fat, and highest in carbohydrate intake, in keeping with the very high intake of antioxidant-rich yet calorie-poor orange-yellow root vegetables, such as sweet potatoes, and green leafy vegetables." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"The traditional diet in Okinawa is anchored by root vegetables (principally sweet potatoes), green and yellow vegetables, soybean-based foods, and medicinal plants... Overall, the important shared features of these healthy dietary patterns include: high intake of unrefined carbohydrates, moderate protein intake with emphasis on vegetables/legumes, fish, and lean meats as sources, and a healthy fat profile... This may reduce risk for chronic age-associated diseases and promote healthy aging and longevity." (abstract, results)