Ksenia Petrushkina

"However, a significant decrease was observed in the absolute change in lean mass (-1.74 kg; 95% CI: -3.04 to -0.45; p < 0.00001; I² = 98%) and in the percentage of lean mass (-3.06%; 95% CI: -5.10 to -1.02; p < 0.00001; I² = 98%). Semaglutide demonstrated the most significant reduction in absolute lean mass, with a loss of -5.44 kg (95% CI: -7.07 to -3.81; p < 0.00001)... However, it is essential to accompany drug treatment with nutritional and physical exercise interventions to preserve or improve muscle mass and optimize clinical outcomes." (abstract, results and conclusions, passage verified)

"Most studies found that GLP-1-RA therapy was associated with a loss of skeletal muscle mass, accounting for up to 8.5% to 24.5% of total weight loss." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"The relative risk of fracture (sarcopenic versus non-sarcopenic) in meta-analysis of four studies was 1.37 (95% CI 1.18, 1.59; p < 0.001). Mean bone mineral density (n = 5) and T-score (n = 3) of femoral neck was significantly lower in sarcopenic participants [- 0.07 g/cm 2 (95% CI 0.08, 0.06) and - 0.34 (95% CI - 0.46, - 0.23), respectively]." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Meta-analysis of cohort studies showed that osteosarcopenia significantly increased the risk of fall (HR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.20-1.97; I 2 = 1.0%, three studies), fracture (HR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.61-2.81; I 2 = 67.8%, seven studies) and mortality (HR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.34-2.28; I 2 = 0.0%, five studies)." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"All individuals possess a maximum capacity for adipose expansion which is determined by both genetic and environmental factors. Once the adipose tissue expansion limit is reached, adipose tissue ceases to store energy efficiently and lipids begin to accumulate in other tissues. Ectopic lipid accumulation in non-adipocyte cells causes lipotoxic insults including insulin resistance, apoptosis and inflammation." (abstract, passage verified)

"The dysfunctional fat displays distinct biological signatures, which include enlarged fat cells, low-grade inflammation, impaired redox homeostasis, and cellular senescence." (abstract, passage verified)

"Excessive remodeling in visceral fat during development of obesity leads to dysfunctions in the depot, characterized by hypertrophy and death of adipocytes, hypoxia, inflammation, and fibrosis. Dysfunctional visceral fat secretes elevated levels of fatty acids, glycerol, and proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines into the portal vein" (abstract, passage verified)

"The level of alcohol consumption that minimised harm across health outcomes was zero (95% UI 0·0-0·8) standard drinks per week. Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for global disease burden and causes substantial health loss. We found that the risk of all-cause mortality, and of cancers specifically, rises with increasing levels of consumption, and the level of consumption that minimises health loss is zero." (abstract, results and conclusions, passage verified)

"Among individuals aged 15-39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0-0) and 0·603 (0·400-1·00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0·002 (0-0) and 1·75 (0·698-4·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0·114 (0-0·403) to 1·87 (0·500-3·30) standard drinks per day" (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Bremelanotide (Vyleesi™) is a melanocortin receptor agonist recently approved in the USA for the treatment of premenopausal women with acquired, generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), as characterized by low sexual desire that causes marked distress or interpersonal difficulty." (abstract, passage verified)

"Bremelanotide is the second Food and Drug Administration-approved medication for the treatment of HSDD." (abstract, relevance to patient care and clinical practice, passage verified)

"Here we report a sORF within the mitochondrial 12S rRNA encoding a 16-amino-acid peptide named MOTS-c (mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c) that regulates insulin sensitivity and metabolic homeostasis. Its primary target organ appears to be the skeletal muscle, and its cellular actions inhibit the folate cycle and its tethered de novo purine biosynthesis, leading to AMPK activation." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"We demonstrate, using two distinct transgenic mouse strains, that administration of MOTS-c augments muscle mitochondrial bioenergetic performance through reliance on both the transcriptional coactivator, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), and cellular energy-sensing kinase, 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Thymosin beta 4 expression increased with grade of malignancy in gliomas. Thymosin beta 4 gene silencing in LNT-229 and U87MG glioma cells inhibited migration and invasion, promoted starvation-induced cell death in vitro and enhanced survival of glioma-bearing mice. Thymosin beta 4 gene silencing in GS-2 cells inhibited self-renewal and promoted differentiation in vitro and decreased tumorigenicity in vivo... We conclude that thymosin beta 4 should be explored as a novel molecular target for anti-glioma therapy." (abstract, results and conclusions, passage verified)

"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a 43 amino acid multifunctional polypeptide that is involved in wound healing." (abstract, background, passage verified)

"Nevertheless, this compound was temporarily banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in 2022" (abstract, background, passage verified)

"In the present study, we report a fast, streamlined, and harmonized analytical workflow to detect 54 prohibited peptidic and non-peptidic compounds in dried blood spots, serum, and plasma." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"This review summarizes literature published over the past 5 years on new drug entities, discontinued therapeutics, and 'tailored' compounds classified as doping agents according to the regulations of the World Anti-Doping Agency, with particular attention to analytical strategies enabling their detection in human blood or urine. Among these compounds, low- and high-molecular mass substances of peptidic (e.g. modified insulin-like growth factor-1, TB-500, hematide/peginesatide, growth hormone releasing peptides, AOD-9604, etc.) and non-peptidic... nature are considered and discussed" (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Thymosin β 4 (TB4) is a ubiquitous, highly conserved and abundant peptide among mammals with a critical role in cytoskeleton organization. In spite of its yet non-authorized use as a medicine and being forbidden by the IFHA, the FEI, and the WADA, intelligence and doping control laboratories reported numerous products available online claiming to contain a synthetic acetylated fragment of TB4 or TB4 itself, promoted as a growth factor with regenerative properties." (abstract, background, passage verified)

"Both mean (SD, Min-Max) peak E2 (pg/mL) and peak T (ng/dL) are significantly higher in the PHT group than those in the FHT group (E2: 237.70 [168.55, 10-1,111] vs 93.45 [130.77, 5.5-465.8], T: 194.04 [84.94, 4.3-599] vs 15.59 [19.52, 0.2-70], P < 0.00001). Of those on PHT, four women had E2 level > 1,000 pg/mL and nine women with T level > 400 ng/dL." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Statins target cholesterol synthesis in the liver as the major source of cholesterol in the body and so reduce whole-body cholesterol." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"The agents most commonly encountered in clinical practice and online self-administration protocols include growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogues (e.g., sermorelin, tesamorelin, CJC-1295 with Drug Affinity Complex [DAC], CJC-1295 without DAC), growth hormone secretagogues... Reported adverse effects span endocrine and metabolic disturbances (including prolactin and cortisol elevations, appetite changes, and dysglycaemia), fluid retention syndromes, musculoskeletal symptoms (myalgia/arthralgia), and injection-site reactions." (abstract, passage verified)

"Tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogue, has emerged as a therapeutic option... Growth hormone-related adverse effects and higher discontinuation rates (RR2.25,95%CI[0.98,5.17],p=0.06) were observed." (abstract, results)

"Aberrations in GHRH-GH -IGF-I axis are common in the complex of HIV, HAART and AIDS... The GHRH analog-Tesamorelin is the only treatment option, which is FDA approved for use in reduction of excess abdominal fat in patients with HIV-associated lipodystrophy." (abstract)

"We thought to assess the effects of Tesamorelin, a synthetic growth hormone-releasing hormone analogue, that has been proposed as a targeted therapy... Tesamorelin improves body composition, hepatic fat, lean body mass, and IGF-1 levels in HIV-associated lipodystrophy" (abstract, results and conclusions)

"unregulated peptides intended to modulate the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH-IGF-1) axis. The agents most commonly encountered in clinical practice and online self-administration protocols include growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogues (e.g., sermorelin, tesamorelin, CJC-1295" (abstract, passage verified)

"The rationale behind this approach is to remove pathogenic immune mediators, such as autoantibodies and immune complexes, from the circulation. There may also be benefit in depleting proinflammatory molecules, such as complement components and coagulation factors." (abstract, passage verified)

"Double-filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP), a selective therapeutic apheresis, can deplete pathogenic antibodies/substances, but also important coagulation factors." (abstract, background, passage verified)

"Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) has been used in severe COVID-19 disease to eliminate the cytokine storm... The random model analysis for mortality evaluated a risk ratio of 0.38 (95% CI: 0.28-0.52) with a significant reduction in the TPE group... However, this meta-analysis revealed a significant benefit of TPE in reducing mortality in severe COVID-19 disease compared to standard treatment." (abstract, results and conclusions)

"There is low-quality evidence from mixed-design studies that TPE was associated with lower mortality (relative risk 0.51, 95% CI [0.35-0.74]), lower IL-6 (SMD -0.91, 95% CI [-1.19 to -0.63]), and lower ferritin (SMD -0.51, 95% CI [-0.80 to -0.22]) compared to the standard control. Among severely affected COVID-19 patients, TPE might provide benefits such as decreasing the mortality rate, LDH, D-dimer, IL-6, and ferritin, in addition to increasing the higher absolute lymphocyte count." (abstract, results, passage verified)