HoldsUp

Chris Williamson · 2026-05-25 · Andrew Huberman, Chris Williamson (host), Tom Segura, Matt McCusker

Andrew Huberman, Matt McCusker & Tom Segura - Mostly Wise #1

64 claims checked against research: 5 contradicted 1 contradicted online 9 overstated 6 needing context 36 supported 1 corroborated online 6 unverified

5

Contradicted by research

0:00:05Andrew Hubermancontradictedhigh

Tadalafil was developed first as a prostate health drug before it was found to treat erectile dysfunction at higher doses.

"So, tadalafil, which is the generic name for Cialis, was developed first as a prostate health drug. And then people took more of it and realized that at higher dosages it can be effective for erectile dysfunction." (said at 0:00:05)

The speaker's claim inverts the actual development and regulatory history of tadalafil. Tadalafil was originally developed as a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (and later pulmonary arterial hypertension). It was approved by regulatory bodies (such as the US FDA in 2003) for erectile dysfunction at on-demand doses of 5–20 mg. Its application for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) was investigated and approved years later (FDA approval in 2011) as a daily low-dose regimen (5 mg), after urinary improvements were observed in clinical trials and post-marketing use for erectile dysfunction.

1:03:18Tom Seguracontradictedmoderate

Narcissists do not tend to commit suicide.

"Also he was a narcissist. Everyone agrees on that. Like, they don't tend to kill themselves." (said at 1:03:18)

Psychiatric literature contradicts the claim that narcissists do not tend to die by suicide or make suicide attempts. Clinical and systematic reviews indicate that narcissistic personality disorder and narcissistic traits are well-documented risk factors for suicidal behavior. Suicide risk is recognized as a significant clinical concern, particularly following severe narcissistic injury (e.g., public shame or perceived failure). While grandiose narcissism can be protective against chronic suicidal ideation in some contexts, it is associated with highly lethal, well-planned suicide attempts and severe self-harm, while vulnerable narcissism is linked to frequent suicidal ideation and self-harm.

1:35:32Andrew Hubermancontradictedmoderate

As dopamine levels rise, testosterone levels increase in both men and women.

"And as dopamine goes up, testosterone goes up in women and men, okay?" (said at 1:35:32)

There is no general physiological principle stating that rising dopamine increases testosterone levels in healthy men and women. In randomized, placebo-controlled human trials evaluating the endocrine effects of dopaminergic stimulation (such as dopamine reuptake inhibition via methylphenidate or dopamine/norepinephrine release via d-amphetamine and lisdexamfetamine), acute elevations in dopaminergic activity failed to alter circulating testosterone levels in healthy men and women. Dopamine agonists only increase testosterone in specific clinical pathologies—such as hyperprolactinemia or prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas—where dopamine restores testosterone indirectly by relieving prolactin-mediated suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, rather than by directly driving testosterone production.

1:38:23Andrew Hubermancontradictedhigh

Growth hormone secretagogues such as tesamorelin and sermorelin increase slow-wave deep sleep but reduce REM sleep.

"So if you take something to increase the amount of slow wave deep sleep that you get. Let's say and I'm not recommending this cuz these growth hormone secretagogues so increase growth hormone, but things like tesamorelin um sermorelin, you'll get a bigger growth hormone surge and you'll get more deep sleep, but you'll get less REM." (said at 1:38:23)

The claim that growth hormone secretagogues such as sermorelin or tesamorelin increase slow-wave deep sleep while suppressing REM sleep is contradicted by randomized clinical trials in humans. In healthy men, administration of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)—of which sermorelin is a synthetic peptide fragment—increases both slow-wave sleep (deep sleep) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, rather than decreasing REM sleep. In young women, GHRH administration was found to decrease both REM sleep and stage 4 slow-wave sleep. No evidence supports a selective effect where GHRH secretagogues expand deep sleep while reducing REM sleep.

2:26:58Andrew Hubermancontradictedhigh

In the original Stanford marshmallow experiment, no child was able to wait the full 15 minutes to receive the second marshmallow without eating the first.

"turns out the way the experiment was done is every kid got a marshmallow in front of them. A timer was set for 15 minutes. Every kid ate the marshmallow. Nobody talks about this. No kid waited for the second marshmallow." (said at 2:26:58)

The claim that every child ate the treat and no child waited the full time in the original Stanford marshmallow / delay of gratification studies is contradicted by the published experimental record. In Walter Mischel and colleagues' original experiments conducted at Stanford University's Bing Nursery School in the late 1960s and early 1970s, many children successfully waited the full duration (typically 15 minutes) without eating the initial treat. Decades of subsequent longitudinal research traced these exact participants, categorizing them into 'high delayers' (those who waited the full duration) and 'low delayers' (those who rang the bell or ate the treat before the time elapsed) to assess later cognitive, behavioral, and neural outcomes.

1

Contradicted by web sources

0:51:00Matt McCuskercontradicted (web)

The United States has more surveillance and security cameras than China when private consumer cameras like Ring doorbells are counted.

"There's I think there's more cameras in America than China if you include private Ring doorbells and all this stuff." (said at 0:51:00)

No published record matching the claim that the United States has more surveillance and security cameras than China when private consumer cameras like Ring doorbells are included was located; this does not prove the claim false.

contradicted by web sources

Industry research reports from firms like IHS Markit and Comparitech estimate that China has hundreds of millions of surveillance cameras compared to an estimated 50 to 85 million in the United States. While some studies show the U.S. having a comparable or higher number of cameras per capita, China has far more security and surveillance cameras in total.

telecomtv.comrntechnical.comscmp.comcaldersecurity.co.uk

9

Overstated

0:00:20Andrew Hubermanoverstatedmoderate

Low-dose tadalafil (2.5 to 5 mg per day) is effective for improving perfusion of the prostate.

"Low dose is good for prostate health. Low dose, like 2.5 to 5 mg per day, is very helpful for perfusion of the prostate." (said at 0:00:20)

While daily low-dose tadalafil (5 mg) is approved and effective for treating lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH-LUTS), the claim that it directly improves prostate perfusion is based primarily on preclinical animal models rather than confirmed human clinical trial data. In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating tadalafil 5 mg once daily for 8 weeks in men with BPH-LUTS (PMID: 24938580), transrectal ultrasonography showed no statistically significant change compared to placebo in prostate transition zone resistive index, color pixel intensity, or color pixel density, failing to demonstrate measurable improvements in prostatic blood flow or perfusion.

0:00:25Andrew Hubermanoverstatedmoderate

Tadalafil causes vasodilation in the brain.

"And also it causes vasodilation in the brain. So, things like strokes, I mean you want blood flow, right?" (said at 0:00:25)

While tadalafil is a phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor with peripheral vasodilatory activity and has shown vasodilatory effects in some animal models of cerebral vasospasm, human evidence for tadalafil-induced cerebral vasodilation and increased cerebral blood flow (CBF) is mixed, modest, and highly conditional. In the randomized, placebo-controlled PASTIS trial (N=55), a single 20 mg dose of tadalafil failed to produce a statistically significant increase in subcortical CBF. Furthermore, a randomized trial evaluating tadalafil in stroke patients found that both single and continuous dosing resulted in reduced relative regional CBF in the affected hemisphere, likely due to vascular steal or blood pressure reductions. While a meta-analysis of PDE5 inhibitors in cerebral small vessel disease noted minor regional CBF increases in white matter hyperintensities, there was no significant change in middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity.

0:04:21Andrew Hubermanoverstatedvery low

Tadalafil upregulates either the sensitivity or the number of androgen receptors, enhancing the body's response to circulating testosterone.

"It does upregulate either sensitivity or number of androgen receptors, so your body can respond more and better to whatever circulating testosterone you have." (said at 0:04:21)

The claim is overstated because it presents preliminary in vitro cell-culture findings as an established whole-body physiological effect in humans. Multiple in vitro studies have demonstrated that tadalafil increases androgen receptor (AR) mRNA, protein expression, nuclear translocation, or transcriptional activity in cultured cell lines, including mouse skeletal muscle cells (C2C12), human osteoblast-like cells (SAOS-2), and prostate cancer cells (LNCaP). While a randomized trial in 43 men found daily tadalafil improved abdominal lean mass and endothelial function, direct in vivo upregulation of androgen receptor density or sensitivity in human tissues has not been clinically confirmed.

0:25:05Chris Williamson (host)overstatedlow

Eight Sleep has been clinically proven to increase quality sleep by up to one hour per night.

"That's why Eight Sleep has been clinically proven to add up to 1 hour of quality sleep per night." (said at 0:25:05)

Published studies on the Eight Sleep temperature-controlled mattress cover do not show a clinically proven increase of up to one hour of quality sleep per night. In an unblinded crossover study of 54 participants using home sleep testing, dynamic temperature adjustment increased deep sleep by a mean of 14 minutes in men and REM sleep by 9 minutes in women during the first half of the night, along with a 23-minute increase in light sleep in men during the second half of the night. A separate randomized crossover study of 34 healthy adults found statistically significant improvements in subjective perceived sleep quality, but observed no significant changes in objective sleep metrics or physiological biometrics. Stating that it is clinically proven to add up to one hour of quality sleep per night overstates the magnitude and consistency of the objective evidence.

0:28:43Andrew Hubermanoverstatedlow

Providing individuals with false positive sleep tracker scores improves their cognitive and physical performance the next day, while false negative sleep scores impair performance (sham sleep feedback effect).

"there's some really cool data that show within limits if you see a great sleep score, cognitively and physically you perform better the next day even if your sleep wasn't that great. And the reverse is also true. If you see a lousy sleep score and you actually slept great, your cognitive and physical performance takes a dive." (said at 0:28:43)

Providing false feedback regarding sleep quality (the "placebo sleep" effect) has been demonstrated to influence certain aspects of cognitive performance in experimental settings. In a trial of 164 participants, informing individuals that they had achieved above-average REM sleep improved performance on specific cognitive measures (the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test and Controlled Oral Word Association Task), whereas informing them that they had below-average REM sleep impaired performance on those tasks. However, false feedback did not affect performance across all cognitive domains tested (such as the Digit Span task or Symbol Digit Modalities Test). Furthermore, research on placebo sleep has examined cognitive outcomes rather than physical athletic or physiological performance. Extending the effect to physical performance overstates the existing evidence.

0:45:36Chris Williamson (host)overstatedmoderate

The human gut regulates bodily energy levels, recovery, and nutrient absorption, with dietary fiber being the key nutrient maintaining this function.

"Did you know your gut controls your energy, your recovery, how well you absorb everything that you eat, and the one nutrient that keeps it all running properly is fiber." (said at 0:45:36)

The human gastrointestinal tract and gut microbiome play central roles in nutrient absorption, substrate metabolism, immune modulation, and tissue recovery. Dietary fiber serves as an essential substrate for gut microbiota fermentation into short-chain fatty acids (such as butyrate), which support intestinal epithelial integrity and metabolic signaling. However, stating that fiber is "the one nutrient that keeps it all running properly" is overstated: normal gut function, digestion, and absorption require a broad range of macronutrients, micronutrients (e.g., zinc, vitamins), and hydration. Furthermore, excessive or poorly timed fiber intake can impair the bioavailability and absorption of certain micronutrients and cause gastrointestinal distress.

1:36:07Andrew Hubermanoverstatedlow

Taking P5P (a form of vitamin B6) blunts prolactin and can shorten the sexual refractory period.

"the refractory period can be shortened. Yeah. Right? By um blunting the prolactin response. That can be done with taking something like P5P, which is a it's related to vitamin B6 and it blunts prolactin somewhat." (said at 1:36:07)

Vitamin B6 and its active coenzyme form, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (P5P), have demonstrated inhibitory effects on prolactin secretion in in vitro pituitary models and in clinical trials for antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia. Furthermore, while the post-ejaculatory surge in prolactin was historically hypothesized to contribute to the male sexual refractory period based on observational and dopamine-agonist studies, recent experimental research has challenged prolactin's direct causal involvement. More importantly, no clinical studies have evaluated whether P5P supplementation blunts the acute post-orgasmic prolactin response or shortens the sexual refractory period in humans.

1:38:38Andrew Hubermanoverstatedmoderate

Cannabis smokers get almost no REM sleep and experience a vivid dreaming rebound effect when discontinuing use.

"Cannabis smokers get almost no REM. Like almost no REM and then when they come off cannabis their dreams are wild. So that's a well-known kind of rebound effect." (said at 1:38:38)

The speaker claims that cannabis smokers get "almost no REM" sleep and experience a vivid dreaming rebound effect when coming off cannabis. The scientific evidence indicates that while acute cannabis and high-dose THC administration can suppress REM sleep, the assertion that users get "almost no REM" is an extreme overstatement. A systematic review and meta-analysis of polysomnographic studies found that cannabis administration does not consistently alter sleep staging, noting that while early small-scale trials with high THC doses suggested REM reductions, recent studies show mixed or no evidence of significant REM suppression. However, the second part of the claim regarding withdrawal is supported by published literature: cessation of chronic cannabis use is consistently associated with a REM sleep rebound and reported sleep disturbances, including strange or vivid dreams during withdrawal.

  • supports: Effect of illicit recreational drugs upon sleep: cocaine, ecstasy and marijuana. (Sleep medicine reviews 2008) · cited 290x in the literature
    "Smoked marijuana and oral Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) reduce REM sleep... Difficulty sleeping and strange dreams are among the most consistently reported symptoms of acute and subacute cannabis withdrawal. Longer sleep onset latency, reduced slow wave sleep and a REM rebound can be observed." (abstract, results, passage verified)
    pubmedfull study (doi)
  • partial: Cannabis and sleep architecture: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (Sleep medicine reviews 2025) · cited 14x in the literature
    "Findings indicate that cannabis administration does not consistently alter sleep duration, latency, wake time, efficiency, or sleep staging. While early studies suggested reductions in rapid eye movement sleep, these were primarily based on small-scale trials with high tetrahydrocannabinol doses and significant methodological limitations. More recent studies using larger samples and lower therapeutic doses of tetrahydrocannabinol have reported mixed (and often no) evidence of rapid eye movement (REM) suppression... However, withdrawal from active cannabis use was consistently associated with sleep disturbances, including reduced total sleeping times and prolonged sleep onset latency, as well as REM rebounds." (abstract, results, passage verified)
    pubmedfull study (doi)
1:34:32Andrew Hubermanoverstatedmoderate

Language learning research shows that children can construct novel sentences and use words they have not previously heard in ways accurate to their meaning using innate brain machinery for language.

"the language learning data show that, you know, kids can literally say words they've never heard before that are accurate to the meaning of the word. They'll construct sentences in novel ways they haven't heard. You know, I mean, there's some fundamental units of language in the brain that, you know, different lang- different, you know, place all over the world, you know, can hijack the same machinery to construct language." (said at 1:34:32)

The speaker's statement blends well-established features of linguistic productivity with inaccuracies and contested theoretical claims. 1. Novel sentences vs. words: Extensive developmental research demonstrates that children have generative linguistic abilities and routinely produce and comprehend novel sentences they have never heard before by abstracting structural rules. However, because root words are arbitrary pairings of sound and meaning, children cannot know or accurately produce unlearned root words without prior exposure, though they can apply morphological rules to inflect or coin derived/compound words. 2. Innate brain machinery: The hypothesis that language acquisition relies on specialized, innate Universal Grammar machinery (the "poverty of the stimulus" framework) remains a foundational, yet intensely debated, view in linguistics and cognitive science. Competing empiricist and constructivist frameworks demonstrate that domain-general cognitive mechanisms, statistical learning, and communicative experience can also account for how children acquire grammar.

6

Needs context

1:16:42Tom Seguraneeds contextlow

Ridesharing services such as Uber have led to a significant reduction in drunk driving deaths.

"Now that I get apparently there there's a lot less death due to drunk driving because of Uber." (said at 1:16:42)

The evidence on whether ridesharing services such as Uber reduce alcohol-related traffic fatalities is mixed and highly conditional. While some observational and economic analyses suggest localized or period-specific reductions in drunk driving crashes, nationwide epidemiological evaluations in the United States and international studies (such as in Chile) have found no overall statistically significant association between the deployment of Uber and reductions in total or drunk-driving traffic fatalities. Furthermore, systematic reviews of alternative transportation programs emphasize mixed effectiveness across different settings and populations.

2:07:19Andrew Hubermanneeds contextvery low

Kary Mullis, who invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique to amplify DNA, conceived the underlying logic while on an LSD trip.

"the guy who developed polymerase chain reaction, which you can use to amplify DNA, which is used for everything from, you know, forensics to, you know, genealogy, all sorts of things... That supposedly that guy came to the logic of that on an LSD trip." (said at 2:07:19)

Kary Mullis, who won the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), frequently credited his past experiences with LSD for enhancing his visual imagination and ability to conceptualize biochemical processes, famously stating in interviews that he doubted he would have invented PCR without LSD. However, according to Mullis's own detailed autobiographical accounts, the specific conceptual breakthrough did not occur while actively on an LSD trip; rather, the insight occurred during a late-night drive along California's Highway 128 to his cabin in Mendocino County in May 1983.

2:14:24Andrew Hubermanneeds contextmoderate

ICU psychosis is a clinical phenomenon in intensive care units driven by severe circadian rhythm disruption and fragmented sleep, which typically resolves once the patient goes home.

"There's a thing called ICU psychosis where people come into the intensive care unit and they're being woken up in the middle of the night and they've got lights on, you know, there's like hospital life, right? And they start to become genuinely psychotic. They go home, the psychosis lifts. This is a well-known phenomenon cuz their circadian rhythm is so out of whack." (said at 2:14:24)

The speaker refers to the historical term 'ICU psychosis' (now clinically defined as ICU delirium), describing it as driven by environmental sleep fragmentation and circadian disruption (noise, lights, night-time awakenings) that resolves upon discharge. While sleep deprivation, continuous artificial lighting, frequent clinical interruptions, and circadian misalignment are well-documented contributors to ICU delirium and acute brain dysfunction, critical care literature emphasizes that ICU delirium is multifactorial, driven substantially by underlying critical illness, systemic inflammation, metabolic derangements, organ dysfunction, and sedatives/analgesics. Furthermore, post-ICU sleep disturbances, cognitive impairments, and psychological distress frequently persist after discharge as part of post-intensive care syndrome (PICS), rather than instantly lifting upon going home.

2:22:57Andrew Hubermanneeds contextmoderate

A low-protein, high-sugar diet stimulates the generation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF), which converts into high metabolic energy.

"there's this idea that when you are low protein, high sugar, you generate this fibroblast growth factor, one of these FGFs, that then converts into a bunch of energy. And this is why like kids have tons of The theory is this is why kids have tons of energy." (said at 2:22:57)

Dietary protein restriction, particularly in the context of high carbohydrate intake, robustly stimulates hepatic secretion of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in both humans and animal models. FGF21 acts centrally and peripherally to increase resting energy expenditure and thermogenesis, requiring higher caloric intake to maintain body weight. However, this metabolic energy expenditure refers to caloric dissipation and thermogenesis (mitochondrial uncoupling and heat production), not subjective vitality or physical hyperactivity in children.

2:34:10Andrew Hubermanneeds contextmoderate

Young children's skin is significantly more absorbent to topically applied substances than older or adult skin.

"kids' skin is young skin is also much more absorbent than older skin." (said at 2:34:10)

While infants and children are at greater risk of systemic toxicity from topically applied substances, this is primarily driven by a significantly higher body surface area-to-body weight ratio and differences in drug clearance, rather than the skin tissue itself being intrinsically more absorbent. In full-term infants and young children, the stratum corneum thickness and epidermal barrier function against percutaneous absorption are structurally and functionally comparable to adult skin. Markedly increased skin permeability and absorption are predominantly seen in premature neonates who have not yet developed a mature epidermal barrier.

  • context: Stratum corneum maturation. A review of neonatal skin function. (Skin pharmacology and physiology 2004) · cited 166x in the literature
    "Based on transepidermal water loss and percutaneous absorption studies, term infants seem to possess stratum corneum with adult barrier properties. Additionally, postnatal life is thought to accelerate stratum corneum maturation, so that even preterm infants have barrier function similar to term infants at 2-3 weeks of gestational age." (abstract, passage verified)
    pubmedfull study (doi)
  • context: Skin. (Pediatrics 2004) · cited 20x in the literature
    "Percutaneous toxicity is of greatest concern in the premature infant, in whom immaturity of the epidermal permeability barrier results in disproportionately increased absorption. Immature drug metabolism capabilities may further contribute to the increased risk in this population." (abstract, passage verified)
    pubmed
  • context: Comparison of stratum corneum thickness in children and adults. (Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1983) · cited 67x in the literature
    "We compared the thickness of the stratum corneum from abdominal skin in infants less than 3 months of age, children between 3 months and 11 years, and adults. Measurements were made with a filar micrometer eyepiece on histologic sections obtained at autopsy. No significant differences were seen; therefore, a stratum corneum of different thickness cannot be used to explain differences in percutaneous absorption, supporting previous work which suggested that term infants and children have an efficient skin barrier. The greater toxicity from percutaneous absorption of topical compounds sometimes seen in children is more likely due to their increased surface to volume ratio and/or metabolic differences." (abstract, passage verified)
    pubmedfull study (doi)
2:35:11Andrew Hubermanneeds contextlow

Nature magazine published a review demonstrating the importance of exposure to a balanced spectrum of long-, medium-, and short-wavelength light.

"And Nature magazine, which is a legitimate scientific publication—they've been around more than, you know, a hundred and something years, and serious science only, although there are some, you know, there are some horse papers published there, but usually gets corrected over time—they published a review recently which said yeah, like yeah, you can see what you want is that balanced spectrum of long-wavelength, medium-wavelength, and short-wavelength light, but not getting burned." (said at 2:35:11)

The claim appears to reference research published in Scientific Reports (a journal within the Nature Portfolio, rather than Nature magazine itself) by Glen Jeffery and colleagues. The authors argue that life evolved under broad-spectrum, spectrally balanced sunlight (300–2500 nm) and tested whether supplementing short-wavelength-dominant LED lighting with broader spectra (400–1500+ nm) improved mitochondrial respiration and visual contrast sensitivity in humans. However, the publication was a small primary experimental study rather than a formal review in Nature magazine.

36

Supported by research

0:01:35Andrew Hubermansupportedmoderate

The prostate receives relatively low blood flow compared to other tissues.

"the prostate's weird, too, cuz it doesn't get a lot of blood flow compared to other tissues." (said at 0:01:35)

Quantitative perfusion studies using arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI and computed tomography demonstrate that resting blood flow in normal prostate tissue is relatively low (approximately 25 to 50 mL/100 g/min) compared to major vital and highly vascularized organs such as the kidneys (~400 mL/100 g/min), heart (~80–100 mL/100 g/min), liver, and brain (~50–60 mL/100 g/min). Microvascular blood flow velocity in prostate tissue is also considerably slower than in cerebral tissue, although baseline prostate blood flow remains higher than that of resting skeletal muscle or adipose tissue.

0:02:32Tom Segurasupportedhigh

Tadalafil causes vasodilation that slightly lowers blood pressure.

"And it can and it can disrupt, you know, lower blood pressure slightly and things like that cuz you you get in vasodilation, so you know, all the pipes are getting a little bigger." (said at 0:02:32)

Tadalafil is a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor that promotes vascular smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation via cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) accumulation. Extensive clinical trial data show that tadalafil exerts mild vasodilatory effects leading to slight, transient reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in both healthy individuals and patients with cardiovascular conditions.

0:03:44Chris Williamson (host)supportedhigh

Sildenafil (Viagra) was originally tested in clinical trials for angina and cardiovascular conditions before its erectile effects were observed.

"they were trying to do something I think it was for angina. It was more heart stuff. And they found typically when medical trials finished and they asked people to give the medication back, people don't have any issue in doing it. And no one wanted to give the medication back." (said at 0:03:44)

The host's statement accurately reflects the development history of sildenafil (Viagra). Sildenafil was originally developed and evaluated in early clinical trials as a vasodilator for cardiovascular conditions, specifically angina pectoris and hypertension. During these trials, its secondary effect on penile erections was observed when trial participants reported improved erectile function, leading researchers to pivot its clinical development toward erectile dysfunction.

0:04:39Andrew Hubermansupportedhigh

Low-dose tadalafil causes facial flushing or redness.

"at this very low low dose, it will make you a little ruddy. Like a little you know, like it makes you a little bit red." (said at 0:04:39)

Clinical trial safety data and pharmacovigilance database analyses confirm that tadalafil acts as a vasodilator via PDE5 inhibition and commonly causes facial flushing (redness) as an adverse effect. Across clinical trials and regulatory database reviews, flushing is documented among the most frequent treatment-emergent vasodilatory adverse events associated with tadalafil use.

0:32:06Andrew Hubermansupportedhigh

Marc Andreessen co-founded the technology company Netscape.

"Yeah, so Marc Andreessen started Netscape." (said at 0:32:06)

Historical records and computing history literature confirm that Marc Andreessen co-founded Netscape Communications Corp. (originally Mosaic Communications Corporation) in 1994 alongside Jim Clark, developing the Netscape Navigator web browser.

0:33:38Andrew Hubermansupportedhigh

Suicide rates are significantly increasing.

"I think the point Dana was trying to make was that men's mental health, while critical, right? Suicide rates are way up. Like, we all acknowledge that." (said at 0:33:38)

National vital statistics and CDC surveillance data confirm that overall suicide rates in the United States increased substantially over the last two decades, rising from approximately 10.7-10.8 deaths per 100,000 in the early 2000s to over 14.1-14.6 per 100,000 in recent years. Men account for the large majority of these deaths, with firearm-related suicides in men being the single largest driver of the increase. Regionally, the WHO Americas region has seen an overall increase in suicide mortality from 2000 to 2019, whereas global suicide rates in most other WHO regions have experienced downward trends during the same timeframe.

0:45:40Chris Williamson (host)supportedhigh

Over 95% of Americans do not consume the recommended daily amount of dietary fiber.

"Well, it turns out that 95% of Americans don't get enough of it, which is why I'm such a huge fan of Momentous's Fiber Plus." (said at 0:45:40)

Nationally representative surveillance data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and position statements from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics confirm that only approximately 5% of Americans meet the Adequate Intake recommendations for dietary fiber (14 g per 1,000 kcal, or 25 g/day for adult women and 38 g/day for adult men), meaning roughly 95% do not consume the recommended amount.

0:53:30Matt McCuskersupportedmoderate

Slip and fall legal claims and injuries account for billions of dollars in settlements and payouts each year in the United States.

"If you fall, there's billions of dollars get paid out every year in America for like falling." (said at 0:53:30)

Published economic and epidemiological analyses confirm that fall-related injuries in the United States generate tens of billions of dollars annually in direct medical expenditures, insurance payouts, and related costs. An analysis of national databases and Medicare claims found that direct medical costs for nonfatal fall injuries in older adults alone reached approximately $19 billion in a single year, with billions paid out across hospitalizations, emergency care, and outpatient services.

1:03:48Matt McCuskersupportedlow

According to some forensic pathologists, the way and force with which a hyoid bone is broken is more consistent with homicide than suicide.

"The hyoid bone that snapped, if you talk to certain forensic pathologists, they say it's more consistent with a homicide than a suicide. The way the force with which it was broken, right?" (said at 1:03:48)

Forensic pathology literature and forensic guidelines support the statement that the nature and mechanism of a hyoid bone fracture are often viewed by pathologists as more suggestive of manual strangulation (predominantly homicidal) than of suicidal hanging. Autopsy studies distinguish hanging (typically suicidal) from manual or ligature strangulation (predominantly homicidal), noting distinct injury patterns: direct inward compressing forces in manual strangulation frequently produce hyoid fractures and extensive laryngohyoid damage, whereas hangings less frequently fracture the hyoid alone and show different soft tissue and ligature patterns. Forensic experts note, however, that hyoid fractures are not entirely pathognomonic and cannot be used in isolation to rule out suicidal hanging.

1:11:59Andrew Hubermansupportedhigh

The United States Secret Service was originally created in 1865 to suppress counterfeit currency rather than protect the president.

"Secret Service was started as an attempt, as a unit within the government against counterfeiting. That's how it started." (said at 1:11:59)

Historical records and scholarly literature confirm that the United States Secret Service was created in 1865 as a division under the Department of the Treasury specifically to combat widespread currency counterfeiting. The agency did not take on presidential protection duties until decades later, following the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley.

1:15:54Andrew Hubermansupportedmoderate

Owning or having a gun significantly increases the probability that someone gets shot.

"They increase the probability somebody gets shot significantly." (said at 1:15:54)

A large body of observational evidence and systematic reviews indicates that owning or having household access to a firearm significantly increases the risk of being shot, including by homicide, suicide, and unintentional injury. A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies found that firearm accessibility was associated with a twofold increase in the odds of homicide victimization (pooled OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.56 to 3.02) and a more than threefold increase in the odds of completed suicide (pooled OR 3.24, 95% CI 2.41 to 4.40). Furthermore, a large population-based cohort study of over 17.5 million adults found that living with a handgun owner was associated with a significantly elevated rate of firearm homicide victimization (adjusted hazard ratio 2.83, 95% CI 2.05 to 3.91), with a sevenfold higher risk of being fatally shot by an intimate partner in the home.

1:17:20Andrew Hubermansupportedmoderate

Cannabis consumption can trigger permanent psychosis or severe psychotic episodes in individuals predisposed to psychosis or bipolar disorder.

"cannabis thing is tricky because some people can do it and they're they're all right. Other people who have a predisposition to psychosis, like they can end up with some permanent psychosis. People who are predisposed to bipolar. I mean, it's it's a real thing." (said at 1:17:20)

Substantial epidemiological and meta-analytic evidence indicates that cannabis use is associated with acute psychotic episodes, earlier onset of psychotic disorders, and an increased risk of transition to chronic, primary psychotic disorders (such as schizophrenia), particularly in individuals with pre-existing genetic or clinical vulnerability. A meta-analysis of over 40,000 individuals found that cannabis-induced psychosis carries the highest rate of conversion to persistent schizophrenia (34%, 95% CI 25%–46%) among all substance-induced psychoses. Umbrella and systematic reviews also confirm associations with earlier onset and relapse in psychotic spectrum disorders.

2:00:00Chris Williamson (host)supportedhigh

No fatal overdose deaths have been documented solely from the toxic effects of consuming THC.

"cannabis, no one's died from overdosing on THC apart from I don't know you get into a car accident." (said at 2:00:00)

A national retrospective study of medicolegal files in Australia (2000–2018) examining cannabis-related deaths found no cases of death caused solely by acute cannabis or THC toxicity. Fatalities associated with cannabis were instead attributable to trauma (such as motor vehicle accidents), suicide, co-ingested substances, or underlying natural disease.

2:07:47Tom Segurasupportedhigh

Creatine is used as a cutting agent or adulterant in illicit cocaine.

"You used to cut cocaine with creatine, right? Used to they would cut cocaine with creatine. Really? It's a cut, yeah." (said at 2:07:47)

Chemical and forensic analyses of illicit drug supplies consistently confirm that creatine is used as a cutting agent (diluent/adulterant) in street and online cocaine samples, alongside other typical adulterants such as caffeine, levamisole, lidocaine, lactose, and mannitol.

1:34:38Andrew Hubermansupportedhigh

Catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) are released in the brain and body during high-arousal situations.

"The catecholamines is dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. The catecholamines is this little kit of of chemicals that are made in our brain and body, right? Different ones, different places, etc. We don't have to get into that, but that cocktail is what's released under, you know, high arousal situations." (said at 1:34:38)

Catecholamines consist of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, which are synthesized centrally in the brain and peripherally in the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla. During high-arousal and acute stress states (such as the fight-or-flight response), these neurochemicals are released across the brain and body to coordinate cardiovascular, metabolic, and cognitive adaptations.

1:35:37Andrew Hubermansupportedmoderate

After orgasm, dopamine levels drop and prolactin rises, establishing the sexual refractory period.

"And then after orgasm, dopamine goes down and a and a hormone, which is basically a hormone, prolactin goes up, and that sets the refractory period, during which time you need a higher stimulus thing to get you aroused again." (said at 1:35:37)

Published human physiological studies demonstrate that orgasm triggers a marked release of prolactin, which is associated with sexual satiety and the post-orgasmic refractory period. Experimental manipulation of prolactin via the dopamine D2 agonist cabergoline lowers post-orgasmic prolactin levels and significantly shortens or improves the refractory period, supporting the role of acute prolactin surges and associated dopaminergic tone in regulating post-orgasmic sexual inhibition.

1:36:13Andrew Hubermansupportedhigh

Prescription drugs such as cabergoline inhibit prolactin secretion.

"Um you know, there are drugs which I don't recommend people take, but these prescription drugs like cabergoline and things like that, which um in inhibit prolactin." (said at 1:36:13)

Cabergoline is a potent dopamine D2 receptor agonist that directly suppresses pituitary lactotroph function and inhibits prolactin secretion. It is standard prescription therapy for hyperprolactinemia, prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas, and lactation suppression, with extensive randomized controlled trial and systematic review evidence demonstrating marked reductions in circulating prolactin levels.

1:36:41Andrew Hubermansupportedmoderate

Taking a hot shower paradoxically lowers core body temperature through a compensatory thermoregulatory drop.

"Hot shower. shower, right? Paradoxically is going to lower your core body temperature. You need your body temperature to start dropping to get to sleep. Okay, which is we can talk about why that happens, but you heat up the outside of your body, then there's this compensatory drop." (said at 1:36:41)

A systematic review and meta-analysis confirms that water-based passive body heating (such as a warm shower or bath at 40–42.5 °C) taken 1 to 2 hours before bedtime aids sleep onset by promoting a subsequent decline in core body temperature. The mechanism involves increased blood flow to distal areas (such as the hands and feet) and vasodilation, which accelerates body heat dissipation and results in a compensatory drop in core temperature.

1:36:56Andrew Hubermansupportedhigh

Deliberately exhaling activates a descending branch of the vagus nerve and triggers respiratory sinus arrhythmia to slow heart rate.

"Normally we passively exhale, but when you deliberately exhale, you slow your heart rate down. It activates a descending branch of your vagus nerve, which goes to your heart. It activates something called respiratory sinus arrhythmia, which sounds bad, arrhythmia, but it's actually good. It's like the break on your heart rate. It's the basis of heart rate variability." (said at 1:36:56)

The claim accurately describes the physiological mechanism of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). During exhalation, cardiac vagal efferent activity to the heart's sinoatrial node increases, causing the heart rate to slow down. RSA is defined as these rhythmic fluctuations in heart rate synchronized with respiration (accelerating during inhalation and slowing during exhalation) and forms the primary component of high-frequency heart rate variability (HRV).

1:38:54Andrew Hubermansupportedhigh

Quviviq is a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) that acts on the hypocretin-orexin system to improve REM sleep.

"There's a prescription drug called Quviviq which is in a class of drug called the DORAs, which works on the hypocretin-orexin system. Yeah, it's very expensive, but that seems to improve uh REM sleep." (said at 1:38:54)

Quviviq (daridorexant) is an FDA-approved dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) that acts by blocking the wake-promoting orexin (hypocretin) neuropeptide system. Clinical trials evaluating sleep architecture have demonstrated that daridorexant dose-dependently increases rapid eye movement (REM) sleep duration and the probability of transitions into REM sleep, unlike traditional GABAergic hypnotic agents which often suppress REM sleep.

1:39:28Andrew Hubermansupportedvery low

Administering melatonin to Siberian dwarf hamsters causes their testicles to shrink to the size of a grain of rice.

"Yeah, years ago I used to work on these a little side Siberian dwarf hamsters and and they're seasonal breeders and if they if you give them melatonin like their their balls shrink to the size of a grain of rice." (said at 1:39:28)

The speaker's claim is supported by animal research on Siberian (Djungarian) hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Siberian dwarf hamsters are seasonal breeders whose reproductive systems regress during winter. Administering melatonin (via timed subcutaneous injections, infusions, or oral feeding) mimics short-day photoperiods and reliably induces profound testicular regression and atrophy. Because the evidence is derived exclusively from rodent laboratory models, the GRADE certainty is very low.

1:40:24Andrew Hubermansupportedlow

Melatonin helps keep puberty at bay, and changes in melatonin secretion patterns correlate with the onset of puberty.

"Melatonin helps keep puberty at bay. And then that there's a switch in the patterns of melatonin secretion that it's not the only thing, but it correlates with puberty." (said at 1:40:24)

A systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating melatonin secretion across pubertal development confirmed that nocturnal and average melatonin concentrations significantly decline with advancing Tanner stages. Animal and neuroendocrine models also demonstrate an inhibitory (antigonadotropic) influence of melatonin on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, supporting the hypothesis that changes in melatonin secretion patterns correlate with pubertal progression. Because evidence in humans is primarily derived from observational studies rather than interventional trials, certainty is graded as low.

1:35:41Andrew Hubermansupportedhigh

The Coolidge effect describes a phenomenon in animals where males exhibit renewed sexual interest and copulatory capacity when presented with novel females.

"the Coolidge effect, like in roosters, this whole thing, if you trade out the hens, then they can continue to copulate over and over again. This to some extent is is true in humans" (said at 1:35:41)

The speaker's description of the Coolidge effect—a phenomenon wherein sexually satiated animals show renewed sexual interest and copulatory capacity when introduced to novel receptive partners, which also applies to some extent in humans—is accurate and supported by established literature in animal behavior and human evolutionary psychology. Reviews and empirical studies demonstrate that male animals (such as rats) exhibiting sexual satiety after repeated mating with the same female regain copulatory behavior (mounts, intromissions, and ejaculatory motor patterns) when presented with a novel female partner (PMID: 28912031, PMID: 22564534, PMID: 24677685). Studies in humans also find evidence for sex-specific preferences for sexual variety and novelty in short-term mating contexts consistent with the Coolidge effect (PMID: 32440927).

2:05:29Andrew Hubermansupportedhigh

In psychosis, clang associations occur when individuals associate words based on their phonetic sounds rather than their meaning.

"There's this thing in psychosis called clang associations where people who are psychotic start to associate the sound of a word, like the phonetics of it, with the meaning." (said at 2:05:29)

In psychiatric literature and formal thought disorder assessment scales (such as the Thought, Language and Communication [TLC] scale and the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms [SAPS]), clang associations (or clanging) are defined as a pattern of speech seen in psychosis and mania where word choice is governed by phonetic sound qualities—such as rhyming, puns, or alliteration—rather than semantic meaning or logical progression.

2:06:17Andrew Hubermansupportedhigh

Pareidolia is the psychological phenomenon where individuals perceive recognizable patterns or images, such as faces or animals, in ambiguous visual stimuli.

"There's something called pareidolia which is like people look at clouds and they'll be like, oh my god, it looks like like a puppy dog or something." (said at 2:06:17)

The claim is accurate and consistent with the established scientific definition. Pareidolia is a recognized perceptual phenomenon in which the human visual system perceives meaningful or recognizable patterns, such as faces, animals, or objects, in ambiguous stimuli (e.g., clouds, white noise, or inanimate objects). Research confirms that pareidolia involves both bottom-up perceptual mechanisms and top-down cognitive processes, commonly manifesting as seeing visual patterns in ambiguous inputs.

2:15:47Chris Williamson (host)supportedvery low

The monitored human record for voluntary sleep deprivation was set by Randy Gardner at 11 days and 25 minutes (264 hours).

"The record is set by Randy Gardner, a 17-year-old high school student in California as part of a science fair experiment. Researchers monitored him throughout and it was 11 days, 25 minutes, which is 264 hours." (said at 2:15:47)

The scientific record confirms that in 1964, 17-year-old Randy Gardner stayed awake for 264 hours (11 days and approximately 25 minutes) as part of a high school science fair project, during which he was monitored by sleep researchers including William Dement and John J. Ross. The psychiatric and electroencephalographic observations from this case were formally documented in a 1966 case report. Because this evidence consists of a single monitored case report, the certainty of evidence for human physiological limits derived from this observation is very low.

2:17:34Andrew Hubermansupportedhigh

A healthy human circadian rhythm is characterized by a prominent cortisol peak in the morning that gradually subsides throughout the day.

"inflammation kind of like cortisol, right? You meant to have this big cortisol peak in the morning and that subsides. That's super healthy. That's the healthy pattern, but if you start staying awake, it starts getting jagged line" (said at 2:17:34)

The speaker's description of healthy human cortisol dynamics is supported by extensive endocrine literature. Under normal physiological conditions, cortisol secretion follows a robust circadian rhythm governed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the suprachiasmatic nucleus, characterized by a sharp rise and peak in the early morning (including the cortisol awakening response) followed by a steady decline across the day to a nadir around midnight.

2:15:22Andrew Hubermansupportedmoderate

Sleep serves to downregulate systemic inflammation and synchronize the circadian clocks of peripheral organs such as the liver and stomach.

"during sleep, your the whole reset of the body is like tamping down inflammation, coordinating the different organs of your body, like getting them back in check. Like all like your your, you know, your liver and your and your stomach, they're they're working on different time scales, but they need to be like kind of nudged into place like an orchestra." (said at 2:15:22)

The statement that sleep and circadian timing reduce systemic inflammation and align the body's peripheral organ clocks (such as the liver and stomach) is supported by scientific evidence. A meta-analysis of human studies found that sleep disturbance is associated with elevated levels of circulating inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Furthermore, established chronobiology demonstrates that a central master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), along with sleep-wake and metabolic cues, synchronizes subordinate peripheral clocks across organs, including the liver and stomach, maintaining temporal order across bodily tissues.

2:17:14Andrew Hubermansupportedhigh

Baseline systemic inflammation progressively increases with age.

"Just global levels of of inflammation. As you get older, just inflammation increases." (said at 2:17:14)

A large body of scientific and clinical evidence confirms that advancing age is characterized by a progressive, sterile, low-grade elevation in baseline systemic inflammation, a well-established phenomenon termed 'inflammaging'. It arises from an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways driven by cellular senescence, immunosenescence, accumulated cellular debris, and lifelong exposure to stressors.

2:31:54Andrew Hubermansupportedhigh

Short-wavelength ultraviolet (UV) light can damage the DNA in human skin cells.

"UV light, right? Short wavelength light can damage the DNA in your skin cells." (said at 2:31:54)

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation—which comprises shorter wavelengths than visible light—directly and indirectly damages DNA in human skin cells. Direct absorption of UV photons by nuclear DNA produces photolesions such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts, as well as oxidative lesions (such as 8-oxo-dG) generated by reactive oxygen species. Unrepaired lesions lead to characteristic mutations, cell death, photoaging, and skin carcinogenesis.

2:32:08Andrew Hubermansupportedhigh

Rayleigh scattering filters out UV light when the sun is low in the sky, making the UV index low in the early and late parts of the day.

"the UV index is low when the sun is low in the sky... There's something called Rayleigh scattering and a lot of the UV gets filtered out." (said at 2:32:08)

Atmospheric radiative transfer physics confirms that surface ultraviolet (UV) irradiance and the UV index vary strongly with the solar zenith angle. When the sun is low in the sky (such as during early morning and late afternoon), sunlight traverses a substantially longer atmospheric path length (air mass). Because Rayleigh scattering by air molecules is inversely proportional to the fourth power of wavelength, UV wavelengths experience substantial scattering and attenuation along this extended path, alongside absorption by stratospheric ozone, resulting in a very low UV index at low solar elevations.

2:32:39Andrew Hubermansupportedmoderate

Longer wavelengths of light, such as red and near-infrared, penetrate through clothing and tissue and support cellular mitochondrial function, as demonstrated by Glen Jeffery's laboratory at University College London.

"the yellows, the oranges, the reds, the near-infrared, and the infrared, which you can't see. That's the heat from the sun. And that stuff is really important for the mitochondria of your cells. And it actually can go through your body. This was demonstrated by my friend Glen Jeffery from University College London. Even if you have a T-shirt, that's the good stuff." (said at 2:32:39)

Research led by Glen Jeffery's laboratory at University College London has demonstrated that longer wavelengths of light (red and near-infrared, approximately 650–1,000+ nm) penetrate human tissue and clothing (such as T-shirt fabric) and stimulate mitochondrial activity, increasing ATP production and mitochondrial membrane potential. In experimental human studies, thoracic exposure to near-infrared light (830–860 nm) penetrated the body even through clothing and produced systemic improvements in visual and metabolic function.

2:33:05Andrew Hubermansupportedhigh

Standard LED lights do not emit long-wavelength light such as near-infrared and infrared light, unlike sunlight, firelight, and some incandescent bulbs.

"So you want that long-wavelength light. It's not present in LEDs, okay? It's present in some incandescent bulbs. It's present in in candlelight and firelight. It's present in sunlight." (said at 2:33:05)

Standard commercial lighting LEDs (such as phosphor-converted white LEDs) produce light strictly within the visible spectrum (approximately 400 to 700 nm) with negligible near-infrared (NIR) or infrared (IR) emissions. In contrast, thermal and combustion sources (such as sunlight, candlelight, firelight, and incandescent bulbs) radiate via blackbody emission, releasing a broad spectrum that contains substantial portions of near-infrared and infrared radiation. Sunlight, for example, contains over 40% of its energy in the near-infrared band.

2:33:35Andrew Hubermansupportedmoderate

Chemical-based sunscreens contain endocrine disruptors, whereas mineral sunscreens using zinc oxide only do not.

"Sunscreen typically blocks the UV, okay? And there's sunscreen and sunblock, and it gets kind of nuanced, but if you are worried about the endocrine disruptors, or you're worried about the coral reefs, right, and the disruption to the oceans that are caused by sunscreens... Just use a mineral-based sunscreen, mineral only. So, zinc oxide only." (said at 2:33:35)

Published toxicology, epidemiological, and regulatory reviews confirm that several common chemical (organic) UV filters, notably benzophenones such as oxybenzone (BP-3) and octylmethoxycinnamate, demonstrate endocrine-disrupting properties and are absorbed systemically into the bloodstream. In contrast, mineral UV filters, specifically zinc oxide, do not penetrate viable skin layers to enter systemic circulation, do not exhibit hormonal or endocrine-disrupting activity, and remain classified by regulatory bodies like the US FDA as generally recognized as safe and effective (GRASE). Furthermore, organic UV filters have been implicated in marine ecosystem toxicity and coral bleaching, prompting regulatory restrictions in several jurisdictions where mineral alternatives are recommended.

2:34:41Andrew Hubermansupportedmoderate

LED lighting is heavily blue-shifted and short-wavelength light can impair mitochondrial function independent of circadian rhythm disruption.

"are LED lights bad? Well, they're not really bad, but they're really blue-shifted. And they're really short wavelength-shifted. And it's not just about disrupting your circadian rhythm... And that whole thing around LEDs maybe causing problems for mitochondria, which is what the short-wavelength light can do, independent of the effects on sleep, was considered kind of crazy quack science until Glen Jeffery's lab started looking at this." (said at 2:34:41)

Research from Glen Jeffery's laboratory and related photobiology groups demonstrates that short-wavelength blue light (~400–450 nm, with peak absorption around 420 nm) directly impacts mitochondrial function. Mitochondria absorb 420 nm light via porphyrins in cytochrome-c oxidase within the electron transport chain, leading to increased inner membrane permeability, reduced respiratory complex activity, metabolic instability, and decreased ATP production. This cellular mechanism operates independently of retinal ganglion cell-mediated circadian rhythm pathways.

2:35:41Andrew Hubermansupportedhigh

Infrared light from the sun reflects off of greenery and plant foliage.

"if you really want to enhance the effect, you get outside where there's a lot of greenery, because some of that infrared light actually reflects off the greenery." (said at 2:35:41)

Plant foliage and green canopies strongly reflect solar near-infrared radiation. While photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll absorb heavily in the visible spectrum (particularly red and blue light), the internal cellular architecture of leaves (spongy mesophyll) scatters and reflects a large portion of incident near-infrared light (400–2500 nm spectrum). This optical phenomenon is well-established and forms the foundational basis for remote sensing vegetation indices and canopy reflectance models.

1

Corroborated by web sources

2:36:08Matt McCuskercorroborated (web)

Photons generated by nuclear fusion in the sun's core take approximately 17,000 to 100,000 years to diffuse through the radiative zone to the surface.

"the hydrogen fusion, whatever, that happens in the sun's core, that release that releases gamma rays, which if they went through, they'll just like literally sever your DNA... They bounce around in the sun's core. That original light that's, you know, originated in that reaction bounces around the core for like 17,000 to 100,000 years in the core, then it gets to the surface and shoots out in like 8 seconds if that." (said at 2:36:08)

No published record matching the claim that photons diffuse from the sun's core to the surface in approximately 17,000 to 100,000 years was located; this does not prove the claim false.

corroborated by web sources

Astrophysical models and scientific sources confirm that energy generated by nuclear fusion in the Sun's core takes tens of thousands to over 100,000 years (commonly cited between 10,000 and 170,000 years) to diffuse through the solar interior to the surface. This delay is caused by the dense plasma repeatedly scattering, absorbing, and re-emitting photons in a process known as a random walk.

spacedaily.com

6

No source found (not proven false)

0:00:35Andrew Hubermanunverifiedvery low

Stanford urology faculty member Michael Eisenberg stated that nearly every male over age 40 should take 2.5 to 5 mg of tadalafil per day.

"our chair of male sexual health and urology at Stanford, Mike Eisenberg, he came on the podcast and he said pretty much every male over 40 or so should be taking about 2.5 to 5 mg per day." (said at 0:00:35)

No published record matching the claim that Michael Eisenberg recommended that nearly every male over age 40 take 2.5 to 5 mg of tadalafil daily was located; this does not prove the claim false.

0:13:26Andrew Hubermanunverifiedvery low

Amnesic patient H.M., who had bilateral hippocampal damage, laughed progressively less at repeated jokes despite having no conscious memory of having heard them before.

"the classic studies of memory were all done on this guy HM, this patient who had damage to the hippocampus like a critical region of the brain for encoding memories... And if you told him a joke he'd laugh and if you came back and told him the joke again, he would laugh a little less each time even though he was completely unaware that he'd heard the joke before." (said at 0:13:26)

No published record matching the claim that patient H.M. (Henry Molaison) was tested with repeated jokes and showed habituation or decreased laughter despite lack of explicit memory was located; this does not prove the claim false.

0:36:20Andrew Hubermanunverifiedvery low

Successful CEOs frequently score high in psychological disagreeableness on personality assessments.

"Like great CEOs often times have some strong disagreeableness. They rate highly on disagreeableness. Um they're conscientious, right? But they also are kind of high-friction people." (said at 0:36:20)

No published record matching the claim that successful CEOs frequently score high in psychological disagreeableness on personality assessments was located; this does not prove the claim false.

0:42:58Andrew Hubermanunverifiedvery low

Regularly consuming highly flavorful or processed foods raises the sensory taste threshold for perceiving sweetness and saltiness.

"just like eating very, very flavorful food with a bunch of crap thrown in it, like it raises your threshold for what you consider sweet or salty." (said at 0:42:58)

No published record matching the claim that regularly consuming highly flavorful or processed foods raises the sensory taste threshold for sweetness and saltiness was located; this does not prove the claim false.

1:37:23Andrew Hubermanunverifiedvery low

The peptide pinealon increases REM sleep.

"But there's a peptide called pinealon, which is spectacularly good at increasing REM sleep." (said at 1:37:23)

No published record matching the claim that the peptide pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg / EDR) increases REM sleep was located; this does not prove the claim false.

2:20:24Chris Williamson (host)unverifiedvery low

Ultrarunner Phil Gore completed 114 laps (475 miles) over nearly five consecutive days in a backyard ultramarathon.

"the recent backyard ultra, Phil Gore ran 114 laps of the backyard ultra format, 475 miles over nearly five straight days." (said at 2:20:24)

No published record matching the claim that ultrarunner Phil Gore completed 114 laps (475 miles) over nearly five consecutive days in a backyard ultramarathon was located; this does not prove the claim false.

Unverified means no publication matching the claim was located; it does not prove the claim false. Spotted an error? See the corrections policy - disputes from the people quoted are prioritized.