Brad Schoenfeld

"The proportion of weight loss as LST was significantly (p < 0.001) larger in male (mean [SD], 0.33 [0.11] kg) than female individuals (0.25 [0.11] kg)" (abstract, results, passage verified)

"resistance exercise protected against the loss of fat-free mass (between-group standardised mean difference (SMD): 0.40, p=0.0003, moderate certainty) and increased loss of fat mass (SMD: -0.36, p<0.00001, high certainty)." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"A random-effects model showed a significant effect of EX on FFM, with a pooled mean difference favouring CR combined with EX over CR alone (mean difference (MD) = +0.87 kg; 95% confidence interval (CI): +0.59, +1.16 kg; p ≤ 0.001). On average, EX prevented nearly half of FFM loss (45.7%)." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Both HL and LL conditions produced significant increases in thickness of the elbow flexors (5.3 vs. 8.6%, respectively), elbow extensors (6.0 vs. 5.2%, respectively), and quadriceps femoris (9.3 vs. 9.5%, respectively), with no significant differences noted between groups." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Changes in measures of muscle hypertrophy were similar between conditions. The findings indicate that maximal strength benefits are obtained from the use of heavy loads while muscle hypertrophy can be equally achieved across a spectrum of loading ranges." (abstract, results and conclusions, passage verified)

"A pooled analysis of the standardized mean difference for hypertrophy outcomes across all studies showed no differences between training loads. Our findings indicate that when the volume load is equal between conditions, the highest loads induce superior dynamic strength gains. Alternatively, hypertrophic adaptations were similar irrespective of the load magnitude." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"The data suggest that upregulation of RANKL on bone marrow cells is an important determinant of increased bone resorption induced by estrogen deficiency." (abstract, conclusions, passage verified)

"The majority of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis have bone loss related to estrogen deficiency. The rapid bone loss results from an increase in bone turnover with an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation." (abstract, passage verified)

"In both genders, E deficiency increases bone resorption and may also impair a compensatory increase in bone formation." (abstract, passage verified)

"Adolescents and adults who participate in endurance sports, such as running, and non-weight-bearing sports, such as biking and swimming, often have lower bone mineral density (BMD) than athletes participating in ball and power sports, and sometimes their BMD is lower than their inactive peers." (abstract, passage verified)

"While swimming is associated with several health benefits, it does not appear to be an effective sport for improving BMD. Swimmers might be in need of additional osteogenic exercises for increasing BMD values." (abstract, conclusions, passage verified)

"Young adult swimmers present similar BMD values than CG and lower values than HIGH." (abstract, conclusions, passage verified)

"The meta-analysis found a significant effect of resistance training on muscle strength in the very elderly [difference in ES = 0.97; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.50, 1.44; p = 0.001]. In a subgroup analysis that included only the oldest-old participants (80 + years of age), there was a significant effect of resistance training on muscle strength (difference in ES = 1.28; 95% CI 0.28, 2.29; p = 0.020)... For whole-muscle hypertrophy, there was a significant effect of resistance training in the very elderly (difference in ES = 0 30; 95% CI 0.10, 0.50; p = 0.013)." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"research increasingly indicates that resistance training can offer unique benefits for children and adolescents when appropriately prescribed and supervised (). The qualified acceptance of youth resistance training by medical, fitness, and sport organizations is becoming universal" (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Although the avoidance of resistance training by adolescents is theoretically appealing, we found that the data indicate properly supervised weight programs are not associated with increased risk of acute injury." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Anabolic hormones such as testosterone and the superfamily of growth hormones (GH) have been shown to be elevated during 15-30 minutes of post-resistance exercise providing an adequate stimulus is present." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Evidence was found that an acute bout of heavy resistance exercise increased the levels of adrenaline (median: 185%), noradrenaline (median: 113%) and GH (median: 265%) immediately after the exercise... The vast majority of the included studies reported a return of the biomarker concentrations to their baseline value within one hour after the termination of the exercise bout." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Collectively, these techniques allow for the measurement of fat, fat-free mass, bone mineral content, total body water, extracellular water, total adipose tissue and its subdepots (visceral, subcutaneous, and intermuscular), skeletal muscle, select organs, and ectopic fat depots." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Available techniques allow for the measurement of fat, fat-free mass, bone mineral content, total body water, extracellular water, total adipose tissue and its subdepots (visceral, subcutaneous, and intermuscular), skeletal muscle, select organs, and ectopic fat depots." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"The Compendium of Physical Activities was developed to enhance the comparability of results across studies using self-report physical activity (PA) and is used to quantify the energy cost of a wide variety of PA." (abstract, background, passage verified)

"The Compendium of Physical Activities was published in 1993 to improve the comparability of energy expenditure values assigned to self-reported physical activity (PA) across studies... The 2024 Adult Compendium includes 1114 PAs (912 with measured and 202 with estimated values) across 22 Major Headings." (abstract, background and results)

"Protein needs for energy-restricted resistance-trained athletes are likely 2.3-3.1g/kg of FFM scaled upwards with severity of caloric restriction and leanness." (abstract, conclusions, passage verified)

"Our results showed that, during a marked energy deficit, consumption of a diet containing 2.4 g protein · kg(-1) · d(-1) was more effective than consumption of a diet containing 1.2 g protein · kg(-1) · d(-1) in promoting increases in LBM and losses of fat mass when combined with a high volume of resistance and anaerobic exercise." (abstract, conclusions, passage verified)

"Higher protein intakes (2.3-3.1 g/kg FFM) may be required to maximize muscle retention in lean, resistance-trained subjects under hypocaloric conditions." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"In the subgroup analyses, protein intakes greater than the RDA attenuated lean mass loss after ER [0.36 (0.06, 0.67) kg, n = 14], increased lean mass after resistance training (RT) [0.77 (0.23, 1.31) kg, n = 3], but did not differentially affect changes in lean mass [0.08 (-0.59, 0.75) kg, n = 7] under nonstressed conditions (no ER + no RT)." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Although the RDA for protein of 0.8 g/kg body weight is adequate to avoid obvious inadequacies, multiple studies provide evidence that many adults may benefit from protein quantity, quality, and distribution beyond guidelines currently defined by the RDA." (abstract, background, passage verified)

"Among medically stable older adults, protein intakes below the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) (0.8 g/kg body weight [BW]/d) exacerbate age-related reductions in muscle size, quality, and function." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Protein supplementation beyond total protein intakes of 1.62 g/kg/day resulted in no further RET-induced gains in FFM." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Based on the current evidence, we conclude that to maximize anabolism one should consume protein at a target intake of 0.4 g/kg/meal across a minimum of four meals in order to reach a minimum of 1.6 g/kg/day. Using the upper daily intake of 2.2 g/kg/day reported in the literature spread out over the same four meals would necessitate a maximum of 0.55 g/kg/meal." (abstract, conclusions, passage verified)

"Current evidence shows no adverse effects of higher protein intakes. Although there were positive trends on BMD at most bone sites, only the LS showed moderate evidence to support benefits of higher protein intake." (abstract, conclusions, passage verified)

"Data from studies included in these analyses collectively lean toward the hypothesis that protein intake above the current RDA is beneficial to BMD at several sites. This systematic review supports that protein intakes above the current RDA may have some beneficial role in preventing hip fractures and BMD loss." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"All included studies were of moderate to high risk of bias and, with the exception of 2 included cohorts, were limited in duration (i.e. <6 mo). Data in the current review are insufficient to determine if increased protein intake from a particular source, i.e., plant or animal, influences kidney health outcomes. These data further indicate that, at least in the short term, higher protein intake within the range of recommended intakes for protein is consistent with normal kidney function in healthy individuals." (abstract, conclusions, passage verified)

"The impact of protein supplementation on gains in FFM was reduced with increasing age (-0.01 kg (-0.02,-0.00), p=0.002)" (abstract, results, passage verified)

"The evidence suggests that increasing daily protein ingestion may enhance gains in LBM in studies enrolling subjects in RE (SMD [standardized mean difference] = 0.22, 95% CI [95% confidence interval] 0.14:0.30, P < 0.01, 62 studies, moderate level of evidence)." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"The best characterized of these signals is the leucine-induced activation of mTORC1, which leads to the stimulation of skeletal muscle protein synthesis after ingestion of a meal that contains protein. The response of this metabolic pathway to dietary protein (i.e., meal threshold) declines with advancing age or reduced physical activity." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"However, the exercise volume completed and/or the amino acid/protein dose and leucine content must exceed a certain threshold to stimulate equivalent MPS rates in young and older adults, below which age-related muscle anabolic resistance may become apparent." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"However, our data indicate that the leucine trigger hypothesis confers most application in regulating the post-prandial response of MPS to ingested proteins in older adults." (abstract, conclusion, passage verified)

"Forty-eight healthy older men... were randomly assigned to ingest 0, 15, 30, or 45 g milk protein concentrate after a single bout of resistance exercise... Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were higher after ingesting 30 (0.0951% ± 0.0062%/h, P = 0.07) or 45 g of protein (0.0970% ± 0.0062%/h, P < 0.05) than after 0 g (0.0746% ± 0.0051%/h). Incorporation of dietary protein-derived amino acids (l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine) into de novo myofibrillar protein showed a dose-dependent increase after ingestion of 15, 30, or 45 g protein (0.0171 ± 0.0017, 0.0296 ± 0.0030, and 0.0397 ± 0.0026 mole percentage excess, respectively; P < 0.05)." (abstract, results)

"In a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group design, 48 healthy, young, endurance-trained men... ingested 45 g carbohydrate with either 0 (0 g PRO), 15 (15 g PRO), 30 (30 g PRO), or 45 (45 g PRO) g intrinsically l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine and l-[1-13C]-leucine labeled milk protein after endurance exercise... 30 g PRO stimulated a ∼46% increase in MyoPS rates (%/h) compared with 0 g PRO and was sufficient to maximize MyoPS rates after endurance exercise." (abstract, methods and results)

"The 24-h mixed muscle protein fractional synthesis rate was 25% higher in the EVEN (0.075 ± 0.006%/h) vs. the SKEW (0.056 ± 0.006%/h) protein distribution groups (P = 0.003)... The consumption of a moderate amount of protein at each meal stimulated 24-h muscle protein synthesis more effectively than skewing protein intake toward the evening meal." (abstract, results)

"men and women with evenly distributed protein intakes and men with high protein intakes showed higher LM or aLM throughout the entire follow-up period, even after potential confounders were controlled for (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that greater protein intakes and a more even distribution across meals are modifiable factors associated with higher muscle mass in older adults" (abstract, results, passage verified)

"In contrast, upon determination of myofibrillar FSR, there was an RE effect (EX, 0.94% ± 0.16% vs CON, 0.75% ± 0.08%; P < .05). High-intensity RE without prior training impacts integrative myofibrillar 24-hour FSR, perhaps without altering total responses." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Previous studies have shown that the amplitude and duration of increases in MPS after an acute bout of RE are modulated by an individual's training status... Exercise-induced increases in MPS are shorter lived and peak earlier in the trained state than in the untrained state, resulting in a smaller overall muscle protein synthetic response in the trained state." (abstract, results)

"A simple pooled analysis of protein timing without controlling for covariates showed a small to moderate effect on muscle hypertrophy with no significant effect found on muscle strength. In the full meta-regression model controlling for all covariates, however, no significant differences were found between treatment and control for strength or hypertrophy... With respect to hypertrophy, total protein intake was the strongest predictor of ES magnitude." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Changes in measures of muscle hypertrophy were similar between conditions. The findings indicate that maximal strength benefits are obtained from the use of heavy loads while muscle hypertrophy can be equally achieved across a spectrum of loading ranges." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"A pooled analysis of the standardized mean difference for hypertrophy outcomes across all studies showed no differences between training loads. Our findings indicate that when the volume load is equal between conditions, the highest loads induce superior dynamic strength gains. Alternatively, hypertrophic adaptations were similar irrespective of the load magnitude." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Training-induced increases in MR-measured muscle volume were significant (P < 0.01), with no difference between groups: 30%-3 = 6.8 ± 1.8%, 80%-1 = 3.2 ± 0.8%, and 80%-3= 7.2 ± 1.9%, P = 0.18." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Both HL and LL conditions produced significant increases in thickness of the elbow flexors (5.3 vs. 8.6%, respectively), elbow extensors (6.0 vs. 5.2%, respectively), and quadriceps femoris (9.3 vs. 9.5%, respectively), with no significant differences noted between groups." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Changes in measures of muscle hypertrophy were similar between conditions. The findings indicate that maximal strength benefits are obtained from the use of heavy loads while muscle hypertrophy can be equally achieved across a spectrum of loading ranges." (abstract, results and conclusions, passage verified)

"By age 80 it is estimated that humans generally lose 30%-40% of skeletal muscle fibers, particularly from muscles containing type II fibers such as the vastus lateralis muscle... Therefore, the activation of these proteolytic caspases may be partly responsible for the initiation of muscle protein degradation, loss of muscle nuclei, which is associated with local atrophy, and finally into cell death of the myocyte." (abstract)

"In contrast, in the SVL TNF-alpha stimulated apoptotic signaling with age to a much higher extent than was observed in the soleus. Moreover, a reduction in muscle mass, cross-sectional area, and fiber number in the SVL coincided with this age-linked elevation in apoptosis." (abstract, passage verified)

"In this systematic review and meta-analysis, PT was associated with a modest improvement in physical function compared with traditional strength training in healthy, community-living older adults." (abstract, results and conclusions, passage verified)

"Non-failure training resulted in a 0.6-1.3% greater strength increase than failure training. A small pooled effect favouring non-failure training was found (ES = 0.34; p = 0.02). Significant small pooled effects on muscular strength were also found for non-failure versus failure training with compound exercises (ES = 0.37-0.38; p = 0.03) and trained participants (ES = 0.37; p = 0.049)." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Meta-analysis indicated no significant difference between the training conditions for muscular strength (ES = -0.09, 95%CI: -0.22 to 0.05) and for hypertrophy (ES = 0.22, 95%CI: -0.11 to 0.55). Subgroup analyses that stratified the studies according to body region, exercise selection, or study design showed no significant differences between training conditions. In studies that did not equate training volume between the groups, the analysis showed significant favoring of non-failure training on strength gains (ES = -0.32, 95%CI: -0.57 to -0.07)." (abstract, results)

"Overall, our main findings suggest that (i) there is no evidence to support that resistance training performed to momentary muscular failure is superior to non-failure resistance training for muscle hypertrophy and (ii) higher velocity loss thresholds, and theoretically closer proximities-to-failure do not always elicit greater muscle hypertrophy." (abstract, conclusions, passage verified)

"The findings indicate a graded dose-response relationship whereby increases in RT volume produce greater gains in muscle hypertrophy." (abstract, conclusions, passage verified)

"According to the results of this review, a range of 12-20 weekly sets per muscle group may be an optimum standard recommendation for increasing muscle hypertrophy in young, trained men." (abstract, conclusions, passage verified)

"Weekly training volume is more important than training frequency and we recommend performing a minimum of 4 weekly sets per muscle group using a 6-15 RM loading range (15-40 repetitions can be used if training is performed to volitional failure)." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"We conclude that exposure of loaded muscle to acute exercise-induced elevations in endogenous anabolic hormones enhances neither muscle hypertrophy nor strength with resistance training in young men." (abstract, conclusions, passage verified)

"However, while these hormones are clearly anabolic during childhood and puberty, or when given at supraphysiological exogenous doses, the transient post-exercise elevations in hormone concentration are of little consequence to the either the acute protein synthetic response or to a hypertrophic phenotype after resistance training." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"There were no significant correlations between the exercise-induced elevations (area under the curve-AUC) of GH, fT and IGF-1 and gains in LBM or leg press strength." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Muscle thickness was significantly greater for LONG compared to SHORT in the anterior thigh, and a trend for greater increases was noted in the triceps brachii (p = 0.06) as well... This study provides evidence that longer rest periods promote greater increases in muscle strength and hypertrophy in young resistance-trained men." (abstract, results)

"In conclusion, results suggest a small hypertrophic benefit to employing inter-set rest interval durations >60 s, perhaps mediated by reductions in volume load. However, our analysis did not detect appreciable differences in hypertrophy when resting >90 s between sets, consistent with evidence that detrimental effects on volume load tend to plateau beyond this time-frame." (abstract, conclusions, passage verified)

"A temporal association between non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep stages 3 and 4 and nocturnal augmentation of GH release was found long ago" (abstract, introduction, passage verified)

"Basal and pulsatile GH secretion, pulse regularity, and frequency, as well as ApEn values, were similar in patients and controls." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Regarding recovery between sets, men showed greater relative peak power (P = 0.016) and peak torque (P = 0.034) loss between sets in both exercises, respectively, compared to women. Women also tended to complete more repetitions than men (main effect of sex, P = 0.057)... In contrast, women recover better than men between sets in both exercises." (abstract, results and conclusions, passage verified)

"some evidence of greater fatigability in males during or immediately following resistance training were found when (1) more complex free-weight exercises were performed with moderate loads, (2) rest periods were shorter, and (3) males were substantially stronger than females in relative terms" (abstract, results, passage verified)

"The female subjects completed more reps during the fatigue protocol (females: 58.3 ± 27.3; males: 29.6 ± 10.6; p = 0.0001)... Furthermore, the difference in performance during the fatigue protocol appears to be attributable to the female subjects recovering more quickly during the rest intervals, rather than fatiguing more slowly while performing each set." (abstract, results and conclusions)

"The results indicate that a single bout of heavy resistance exercise can increase biceps MPS for up to 24 h postexercise." (abstract, conclusions, passage verified)

"It has been shown that muscle protein synthetic rate (MPS) is elevated in humans by 50% at 4 hrs following a bout of heavy resistance training, and by 109% at 24 hrs following training. This study further examined the time course for elevated muscle protein synthesis by examining its rate at 36 hrs following a training session... At an average time of 36 hrs postexercise, MPS in the exercised arm had returned to within 14% of the control arm value, the difference being nonsignificant. It is concluded that following a bout of heavy resistance training, MPS increases rapidly, is more than double at 24 hrs, and thereafter declines rapidly so that at 36 hrs it has almost returned to baseline." (abstract, results and conclusions, passage verified)

"NCAM(+) - and Pax7(+) -positive satellite cell numbers were greater after ACT than after CWI (P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of p70S6 kinase(Thr421/Ser424) increased after exercise in both conditions but was greater after ACT (P < 0.05). These data suggest that CWI attenuates the acute changes in satellite cell numbers and activity of kinases that regulate muscle hypertrophy, which may translate to smaller long-term training gains in muscle strength and hypertrophy." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"CWI blunted resistance training-induced muscle fiber hypertrophy, but not maximal strength, potentially via reduced skeletal muscle protein anabolism and increased catabolism." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Postexercise myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were lower in CWI compared to CON based upon l-[1- 13 C]-leucine (0.058 ± 0.011 vs. 0.072 ± 0.017% h -1 , respectively; P = 0.024) and l-[ring- 2 H 5 ]-phenylalanine (0.042 ± 0.009 vs. 0.053 ± 0.013% h -1 , respectively; P = 0.025)." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Both maintenance prescriptions preserved phase 1 muscle hypertrophy in the young but not the old. In fact, the one-third maintenance dose led to additional myofiber hypertrophy in the young... We conclude that older adults require a higher dose of weekly loading than the young to maintain myofiber hypertrophy attained during a progressive RT program" (abstract, results and conclusions)

"DOMS is also common when athletes are first introduced to certain types of activities regardless of the time of year. Eccentric activities induce micro-injury at a greater frequency and severity than other types of muscle actions." (abstract, passage verified)

"The type of exercise that produces the greatest degree of soreness is eccentric exercise, although isometric exercise may also result in soreness... Although training is considered to prevent muscle soreness, even trained individuals will become sore following a novel or unaccustomed exercise bout." (abstract)

"Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) represents a form of ultrastructural muscle damage without macroscopic fiber disruption, typically developing 24-72 h after unaccustomed or intense eccentric exercise." (abstract, keypoints, passage verified)

"In the studies reviewed, specially designed cycle-ergometers or downhill treadmill running were used to generate eccentric contractions." (abstract, methods/results, passage verified)

"By contrast, downhill running relies heavily on eccentric muscle contractions, which show an association with great fatigue and a high risk of injury." (abstract, background, passage verified)

"DOMS and muscle thickness significantly increased after both exercise types (p < 0.001), while echo intensity changed significantly only after eccentric exercise (p < 0.001). These results suggest that unfamiliar isokinetic exercise at long muscle lengths can induce muscle damage, independent of contraction type." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"First, according to anatomical studies, the deep fascia displays an intimate structural relationship with the underlying skeletal muscle and may therefore be damaged during excessive loading. Second, histological and experimental studies suggest a rich supply of algogenic nociceptors whose stimulation evokes stronger pain responses than muscle irritation. Taken together, the findings support the hypothesis that DOMS originates in the muscle-associated connective tissue rather than in the muscle itself." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Other researchers, however, have questioned this hypothesis, noting that hypertrophy can occur in the relative absence of muscle damage." (abstract, passage verified)

"The repeated bout effect refers to the adaptation whereby a single bout of eccentric exercise protects against muscle damage from subsequent eccentric bouts." (abstract, passage verified)

"Changes in muscle damage markers such as maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque, muscle soreness, and plasma creatine kinase activity, and proprioception measures before to 5 days post-exercise were compared between groups. Changes in all variables were greater (p < 0.05) after the first than second bout for all groups" (abstract, results, passage verified)

"However, such hypertrophic changes appear to be achieved through distinct structural adaptations, which may be regulated by different myogenic and molecular responses observed between lengthening and shortening contractions." (abstract, conclusions, passage verified)

"Distinct architectural adaptations were associated with preferential growth in the distal regions of VL for ECC (+ECC +8% vs. +CON +2) and mid belly for CON (ECC +7 vs. CON +11%)." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Recent observations suggest that such hypertrophic responses to lengthening vs. shortening contractions are achieved by different adaptations in muscle architecture." (abstract, background, passage verified)

"Heat treatment could reduce the pain of patients. It had obvious effects on the pain within 24 h (SMD -1.17, 95%CI -2.62 to -0.09, P = 0.03) and over 24 h (SMD -0.82, 95%CI -1.38 to -0.26, P = 0.004)." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"A total of 59 studies involving 1,367 patients were eligible for this study. Ten interventions were examined: contrast water therapy, phase change material, the novel modality of cryotherapy, cold-water immersion, hot/warm-water immersion, cold pack, hot pack, ice massage, ultrasound, and passive recovery." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Only LFS increased AMPK phosphorylation significantly at Thr172 by approximately 2-fold and increased PGC-1alpha protein to 1.3 times of control. LFS had no effect on PKB phosphorylation but reduced TSC2 phosphorylation at Thr1462 and deactivated translational regulators... We term this behavior the "AMPK-PKB switch." We hypothesize that the AMPK-PKB switch is a mechanism that partially mediates specific adaptations to endurance and resistance training, respectively." (abstract, results and conclusions, passage verified)

"That is, activation of AMPK by endurance exercise may inhibit signaling to the protein-synthesis machinery by inhibiting the activity of mTOR and its downstream targets. The purpose of this review is to briefly describe the problem of concurrent strength and endurance training and to examine new data highlighting potential molecular mechanisms that may help explain the inhibition of strength development when strength and endurance training are performed simultaneously." (abstract, passage verified)

"Combining endurance and strength training in the same session has been reported to reduce the anabolic response to the latter form of exercise. The underlying mechanism, based primarily on results from rodent muscle, is proposed to involve AMPK-dependent inhibition of mTORC1 signaling." (abstract, introduction, passage verified)

"with no effect of exercise sequence for lower-body muscle hypertrophy (weighted mean difference, 1.15% change; 95% confidence interval -1.56, 3.87 change; p = 0.40)" (abstract, results, passage verified)

"The estimated standardised mean differences (SMD) based on the random-effects model were - 0.06 (95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.20 to 0.09; p = 0.446), - 0.28 (95% CI - 0.48 to - 0.08; p = 0.007), and - 0.01 (95% CI - 0.16 to 0.18; p = 0.919) for maximal strength, explosive strength, and muscle hypertrophy, respectively." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"The standardized mean differences were -0.34 (95% CI -0.72 to 0.04, p = 0.078) and -0.13 (95% CI -0.39 to 0.12, p = 0.315) for type I and type II fiber hypertrophy, respectively. A negative effect of concurrent training was observed for type I fibers when aerobic training was performed by running but not cycling (standardized mean difference -0.81, 95% CI -1.26 to -0.36)." (abstract, results)

"By contrast, RT induced greater type I and type II muscle fiber hypertrophy than CT when high-intensity interval training (HIIT) was incorporated alone (SMD > 0.33) or combined with continuous ET (SMD > 0.27), but not compared with CT incorporating only continuous ET (SMD < 0.16)." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Pooled data showed no differences between ST and stretching on ROM (ES = -0.22; 95% CI = -0.55 to 0.12; p = 0.206). Sub-group analyses based on risk of bias, active vs. passive ROM, and movement-per-joint analyses showed no between-protocol differences in ROM gains." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"There were no significant differences between resistance training versus stretch training (ES = 0.08; p = 0.79) or between resistance training and stretch training versus stretch training alone (ES = - 0.001; p = 0.99)." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of 6 weeks of daily (1 h) unilateral static stretch training of the plantar flexors using a calf-muscle stretching device... Statistically significant increases in MSt of 6%-15% (p < .001-.049, d = 0.45-1.09), ROM of 6%-21% (p < .001-.037, d = 0.47-1.38) and MTh of 4%-14% (p < .001-.005, d = 0.46-0.72) from pre-to post-test were observed" (abstract, results)

"IG1 stretched the plantar flexors continuously for one hour per day, IG2 performed hypertrophy training for the plantar flexors... The results of a series of two-way ANOVAs show significant interaction effects (p < 0.05) for maximal voluntary contraction (ƞ 2 = 0.143-0.32, p < 0.006), muscle thickness (ƞ 2 = 0.11-0.14, p < 0.021)... without significant differences (p = 0.37-0.99, d = 0.03-0.4) between both intervention groups." (abstract, results)

"Results indicated a potential beneficial hypertrophic effect of STRETCH compared to TRAD for the SOL [0.7 mm, CI90% = (0, 1.6)], while the LG had more ambiguous effects [0.4 mm (-0.4, 1.3)] and MG effects were equivocal [0 mm (-0.6, 0.7)]. ... In conclusion, loaded inter-set stretch may enhance MT of the soleus but effects on the gastrocnemii appear uncertain or unlikely in untrained men" (abstract, results and conclusions, passage verified)

"Regarding the hypertrophic response, results revealed similar effects between HL- and BFR-RT, regardless of the absolute occlusion pressure, cuff width, and occlusion pressure prescription. Based on the present data, maximum muscle strength may be optimized by specific training methods (i.e., HL-RT) while both HL- and BFR-RT seem equally effective in increasing muscle mass." (abstract, results and conclusions, passage verified)

"HL resistance training produces a small increase in muscle strength (eight studies; SMD, -0.23 [-0.41; -0.05]) but not in muscle hypertrophy (six studies; (SMD, 0.08 [-0.22; 0.38]) when compared with LL-BFR resistance training." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"No significant difference in muscle mass gains was observed between LL-BFR and HL-RT (SMD = 0.01, p = 0.94), and this conclusion remained consistent after controlling for modulating variables." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"In particular, we found that the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α under hypoxia, in murine skeletal myoblasts, leads to activation of MyoD through the noncanonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Moreover, chemical inhibition of HIF-1α activity significantly reduces differentiation, thus confirming its crucial role in the process. Furthermore, hypoxia-preconditioned myoblasts, once induced to differentiate under normoxic conditions, tend to form hypertrophic myotubes." (abstract, results, passage verified)

"Resistance training effectively increased Type I (15% ± 4%; P < 0.01) and Type II fiber cross-sectional area (28% ± 5%; P < 0.0001)... while vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (P = 0.016), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (P = 0.016), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (P = 0.01) increased in both groups." (abstract, results)